It is our opinion that both South Ayrshire Council and East Ayrshire Council are not aware of this some or all of this Evidence, nor are they fully or truly informed as to the serious potential for harm. The Council’s uninformed consent to the building of the Sclenteuch development will have a greatly significant, negative impact on the residential amenity and health and well-being of the people living in and around Straiton, Patna and the Waterside areas.

1.1 Section 1 of this submission provides a synopsis of this New and Supportive Evidence. Section 2 provides a more detailed view of this new Evidence and how it relates to this application.

1.2 IARO Acoustic Report on Wind Turbine Noise in a Rural Sheep Farm in Scotland. The Synopsis and Executive Summary  Report & Annex can be downloaded from here

31. 	The representations raise concerns regarding infrasound or low frequency sound. I am required to apply ETSU-R-97 and the good practice guide and neither provide a mechanism to assess or deal with this. The determination of a planning application does not offer a means to create such guidance. Consequently, it is not possible to conclude whether this development would either generate this effect or if it would adversely impact on residential amenity. The council does not recommend any conditions to mitigate any effects relating to this and I do not consider there is any justification for me to consider such an approach in this case.

WIN 370-4 Craiginmoddie Wind Farm, Dailly, South Ayrshire, KA26.

WIN 370-5 Carrick Wind Farm, Approximately South Ayrshire, KA19.

WIN 370-6 Knockcronal Wind Farm, Knockcronal, Straiton, South Ayrshire, KA19.

TOPIC : WIND TURBINE NOISE.

Abstract:

1. This submission summarises the significant issues that are associated with the proposed three wind farm developments in respect of ‘noise’ and residential amenity. The issues identified demonstrate the applications to be both individually and cumulatively unacceptable regarding the current planning guidelines for such proposals.

2. A development should be able to both address the need for renewable energy generation whilst providing an acceptable acoustic environment for those living nearby, to protect their residential amenity.

3. Is the base-line data based on operational compliant turbines?

4. Is there the need for periodic noise testing?

5. Do we throw caution to the wind when compelling evidence shows that the current planning system is not working?

6. Where ETSU is silent. How do we treat matters with broader implications than those covered in ETSU and the IoAGPG?
(Note: ETSU – R – 97 and the Institute of Acoustics Good Practice Guides are the means by which the levels of operational wind turbine noise is assessed and controlled to protect residential amenity.)

7. An expert evaluation and examination of the ETSU guidelines demonstrates non-compliance with the assessed noise limits proposed by the applicants in all three applications.

8. Amplitude Modulation cannot be scoped out. It is the most significantly intrusive sound characteristic of wind turbines.

9. Scientific acoustic data monitoring gathered at various noise receptors demonstrated the presence of Infrasound & Low Frequency Noise (ILFN) within the ambient sound-scape and therefore ILFN cannot be scoped out.

10. The actual truth of what it is really like to live in close proximity to large industrial turbines is often very inconvenient, especially when it conflicts with government policy.

11. On what basis should medically unqualified acousticians’ opinions on the health and wellbeing of adversely affected residents, become accepted as a statement of fact, on which large scale planning decisions are made and government policy is determined?

12. Why do the applicants of Knockcronnal and Carrick deem it necessary to induce properties to become financially involved at such a late stage when their planning applications are being examined during the final proceedings of a Conjoined Public Inquiry?

13. If the applicants have full confidence in their bluster about the safety of their proposed turbines, they should gladly accept all our proposed conditions.

14. Conclusion: This summary is based on evidence generated from the dire circumstances created for many when forced to envisage a life, or live, close to industrial wind turbines, as current Scottish Government policy dictates.
Scottish Government Planning endorses ETSU-R-97
This is unjust, immoral guidance which we have a right and a duty to challenge.
Save Straiton For Scotland appeals to the Reporters to penetrate the ostensible and refuse this planning application on the evidence of breaches in ETSU-R-97, the AoAGP and potential overbearing Residential Amenity Impacts both visual and Noise.
The three wind farm development applications are all deficient in regard to the assessment of noise impact upon all noise sensitive locations in the surrounding Community.

Summary

1. Save Straiton for Scotland have provided irrefutable, first hand, ongoing evidence about the failure of ETSU-R-97, the Good Practice Guide and the subsequent planning conditions to protect the health and wellbeing of windfarm neighbours.
This submission summarises the significant issues that are associated with the proposed three wind farm developments in respect of ‘noise’ and residential amenity. The issues identified demonstrate the applications to be both individually and cumulatively unacceptable regarding the current planning guidelines for such activities.

2. A Supreme Court Judgment in Australia [ Bald Hills ] simply stated that there should be no preference towards the development of renewable energy to the detriment of people nearby. A development should be able to both address the need for renewable energy AND provide an acceptable environment for those nearby to have an acceptable acoustic amenity.
The proposed three wind farm developments do not assure that the nearby Community will have an acceptable environmental acoustic amenity.

3. It is accepted that current planning objectives, with regard to noise refer to ETSU-R-97 and the guidance provided by the Institute of Acoustics in their Good Practice Guides. These procedures and guides are recognised in the evidence presented to have flaws and remain ambiguous in part.
Given that the procedures for assessing wind farm noise impact in development applications have some leeway in interpretation, it would be advisable to err on the side of caution when applying these guidelines to ensure the protection of the Community. This is an example where the Bald Hill recommendations can apply and result in an acceptable outcome for BOTH the developers and the Community.
Any proposed development should ensure that the Community is protected whilst still producing renewable energy. If this means the reduction in scale of a proposed development then that would be an acceptable outcome from both a planning and social responsibility perspective with regard to noise.

3.1. The current development applications test the limits of the planning provisions assuming optimistic parameters with zero compliance margins for noise. The reality is rarely achieved.
An assessment of the noise impact from the Hadyard Hill Wind Farm that used a similarly lax application of the methodology outlined in ETSU-R-97 and the IoA Good Practice Guides, as used in these three development applications, show that the predicted noise levels and actual noise levels measured show exceedances of approximately 13 dB.

3.2. With reference to CD015.042 – N1 and N2 Noise – Energiekontor UK Ltd, ScottishPower Renewables (UK) Ltd & Knockcronal Wind Farm Ltd :
The statement at Para 3.5 “which discusses the alleged submission of a subsequent (third) report from TNEI, implies, whether intentional or not, that SSfS withheld an alleged 3rd TNEI report referenced by SAC in the FOI documentation 585570 in CD017.004.
We categorically state that all the information and reports provided by SAC through the EIR, where submitted as evidence to the inquiry, no documentation has been withheld and our case is based on factual evidence forwarded by SAC as soon as this was finally received and subsequently made available to the inquiry at the earliest opportunity.

3.3. Furthermore, the statement:

Whilst this additional report is not before this Inquiry, SSfS evidence confirms its existence, as referenced in the e-mail from SAC, and that an amended wind farm control regime was implemented,

SSfS does not confirm the existence of a third TNEI report and we argue that in the physical absence of the alleged third TNEI report, the Inquiry has no evidence as to the veracity of SAC’s statement:

“Due to the amended operational control regime which has been put in place, levels were found to be in compliance with the agreed noise levels”

3.4. We find that if SAC’s position is that; levels were found to be in compliance with the agreed noise levels, why have SAC not provided this 3rd TNEI report’s evidence of compliance; or if it does exist, why have the applicants not produced it through their own protocol?

3.5. With further reference to this matter in CD015.042:

3.2 The two TNEI reports submitted by SSfS [CD017.032 and CD017.033] were two versions of the same report dated April 2016 and July 2016 respectively. These reports are an assessment of compliance with the planning noise limits controlling operational noise from Hadyard Hill Wind Farm (HHWF). The assessment was completed by TNEI on behalf of Scottish and Southern Energy (SSE), the operators of HHWF. *The noise measurements were completed at a property beyond the western boundary of HHWF called Tralodden Cottage, which is well removed (approximately 8 km the closest turbine of CMWF) from the three proposed developments.

The inclusion of this comment is irrelevant since the non-compliance relates to the whole wind farm and all properties surrounding it.

4. It is well understood that wind farms require ongoing maintenance and that the idealised situation regarding noise emissions from a newly installed wind farm can degrade with time. Any noise condition must be checked periodically throughout the expected lifetime of any wind farm.

4.1. The Joint Response in CD015.042 explains in detail why the Hadyard Hill Wind Farm noise predictions were wrong. Surely, if the excessive noise generating capabilities of the chosen wind turbines were known to exhibit such high sound power levels then the prediction model should have explained this when planning applications were made. The lesson learned here is to review manufacturer specifications with suspicion.

4.2. There are two further lessons to be learned: optimistic noise predictions will not address ongoing degradation in a wind farm and; optimistic predictions of wind farm noise should be considered to be ‘the best that could be achieved’ and will not reflect reality for a Community that will be exposed to noise emissions over at least 40 years.
A condition requiring periodic noise assessment may not be required if adequate investigation of any noise complaint is properly completed. An adequate investigation will require an assessment following the procedures described in DEFRA-NAN-R 277.

5. During the hearing Mr Huson’s report [CD 017.05 ] was discussed at length in the afternoon of day 1. Mr Huson gave a summary of his report in the first session of Wednesday 31st May. Mr Jiggin’s response to this at 60 minutes into the hearing is crucial to the Minister’s understanding that ETSU and the GPG do not air on the side of caution.
Mr Jiggins refers to Mr Huson’s cautionary recommendations as ‘pessimisms’, and ‘misinterpretations’ as to what can be achieved by adhering to ETSU. He states that Mr Huson’s recommendations are ‘unreasonable demands’ and that by adding all Mr Huson’s pessimisms together, the demands are so large it would result in no consented wind farms.

5.1. The evidence given by Save Straiton For Scotland [CD.017.002 report, CD17.003  and CD.17.023 ] on unresolved noise complaints, demonstrates how complaints from windfarm noise are not being adequately or timely addressed, leading to homes being abandoned, bought out or cases dismissed or left in limbo. The planning procedure is broken and councils are not able, for whatever reason, to respond adequately to wind turbine noise complaints.

5.2. A solution could provided if noise conditions were to address the procedure in DEFRA-NAN- R 277 , in order to ensure that local authorities carry out their proscribed duty delegated by Government, to take action when wind turbines are still causing ‘nuisance’. Mr Lotinga stated at 0.50 minutes that noise nuisance was not a planning matter. However, Save Straiton for Scotland reason that it becomes an extension of the planning procedure when it is the only course of action left to control noise pollution caused by wind turbines in a person’s home.

6. Both Rita Holmes and Professor Alves Pereira on Day 1 (2.25 hours) responded to Mr Bray’s question on how to treat matters with broader implications than those covered in ETSU and the GPG.

6.1. Ms Holmes relates to the lack of suitable monitoring equipment down to low levels, the power of the wind lobby to stifle research into ILFN AM in order to curtail any real upgrade to ETSU – written in 1996 – published in 1997 and GPG last updated 2013. Ms Holmes also relates to her own experience as to how ‘conditions are ineffective.

6.2. It is Professor Alves Pereira (Day 1 2.40 hours) recommendation that no wind power plant should be consented until ETSU regards public health as an issue.
Professor Alves Pereira stated:

‘If public health is a consideration in the planning process, no wind power plant can be safely consented until proper health procedures are put in place, therefore there should be a moratorium until we gather evidence and protect public health.’

ETSU does not have one single medical professional involved. Mr Huson points out: Where ETSU is silent: that when ETSU was formulated, its core objective was health related. The problem is that at its outset it never addressed ILFN, AM, tonal or vibration issues related to turbines the size and power levels these turbines in these 3 applications may present.

6.3. At 2.51 hours: when the applicants were asked by Mr Bray ‘What should be done with the evidence provided by the Save Straiton team’?
The applicants doggedly adhered to their opinion that only ETSU and the GPG, as current government policy were to be considered under the operational noise impact assessments. Mr McLeod referred to statutory nuisance and that if the council failed to act then there was the option of legal aid or taking a summary action to the sheriff’s court. (We followed up on this procedure and found no easy way to pursue this action).
That our evidence should be ignored or dealt with elsewhere, that there should be no additional conditions to protect public health demonstrates how little the applicants really care about the residential amenity of those left to live with the consequences of a decision to consent these 200 metre 6-7MW turbines.
The authors of ETSU signed a disclaimer as to the veracity or accuracy to anything contained in the document. This is documented in CD. Save Straiton 7B. PPA-310-2034 Appeal .
These are the reasons why the reporters should be cautious in relying on ETSU and the GPG.

7. Mr Huson confirms in his evidence, both during the hearing sessions and in his report [Ref.3-CD.017.005], that the current development applications have used very conservative parameters to predict noise impacts in the Community which comply with ETSU-R-97 and recommendations in the IoA Good Practice Guides. For example; sound power levels have been based upon manufacturer expectations rather than independent test results and have also assumed that there are no special annoying audible characteristics such as tonality, impulsiveness and amplitude modulation (AM).

7.1. It has also been assumed that sound propagation noise models use a ground absorption value of G=0.5, despite the IoA Good Practice Guides explaining that G=0 could be used to provide a more robust prediction.

7.2. The noise compliance target limits are based upon Background sound level data that has been demonstrated to be suspect. The uncertainty of Background measurement data has not been provided in the three applications, especially regarding the uncertainties associated with wind speed measurements that constitute half of the data required to produce a target noise limit at any integer wind speed.

7.3. During the Hearings we had a response from Mr Jiggins who assured that the accuracy of wind speed measurements using the chosen two alternative methods providing wind speed, as opposed to using a recommended meteorological anemometer on a mast, provide the required accuracy needed when applying ETSU-R-97. Despite Mr Jiggins’ assurances, no evidence was provided and the application should be deemed incomplete, an issue that Mr Jiggins acknowledged.

7.4. Again with reference to CD. 015.042. Agreement between: James Mackay, TNEI (WIN-370-4 Craiginmoddie Wind Farm) James Powlson, WSP (WIN-370-5 Carrick Wind Farm) Mark Jiggins, Hoare Lea (WIN-370-6 Knockcronal Wind Farm):

Mr Huson’s response to the comments in Section 4: ISO 9613-2 Ground Factors:
In the Hearing Mr Jiggins agreed that the alternative ground factor, that is allowed in ETSU-R-97 and the IoA Good Practice Guidelines, did increase predicted sound levels by more than 2 dB. Mr Jiggins did not state if he modelled the alternative with a receiver height of 4m or 1.5m but only that the predicted sound levels would be higher. My own calculations using the ISO 9613-2 method directly (not implemented by commercial software packages) on many wind farms show that with a receiver height of 1.5m and G=0 that the predicted sound levels are typically 4 dB higher than if G=0.5 and a receiver height of 4m is used. I note that Mr Jiggins does not describe how he calculated his predictions. It is common for noise consultants to use software that purport to implement ISO 9613-2.

7.5. This demonstrates that predicted sound levels, assuming that the sound power levels of the candidate wind turbines are accurate without any audible annoying characteristics, are too low by over 2 dB, yet being in compliance with ETSU-R-97 and the IoA Guidelines.

Given that the predictions for Hadyard Hill Wind Farm were shown to be grossly underestimated it remains prudent to err on the side of caution when considering wind farm prediction model inputs and G=0 with a 1.5m receiver height should be used.

7.6. This shows that a valid interpretation of the planning guidelines demonstrates non-compliance with the target noise limits proposed in the applications.

7.7. It is significant that the applicants refer to noise sensitive properties in all their NIAs but when it comes to the conditions they insist that they become ‘dwellings’ which should be of a brick built standard. SSfS referred to the fact that Tairlaw House is made of sub standard breeze block building material and they also run a business from a caravan within their curtilage.

7.8. We submit that a noise sensitive receiver should be that described by the South Ayrshire Council and must not be limited to typical brick-built dwellings upon which ETSU-R-97 bases its target noise guidelines. To protect the amenity of a Community surrounding wind farm developments that do not reside in a brick-built dwelling it will be necessary to adjust the recommended outdoor noise limits according to the dwelling structure. For example, as there is no significant attenuation from outside to inside a tent in a campsite the target noise level outside becomes the indoor noise level suggested in ETSU-R-97 to protect sleep and which is based upon WHO Community Noise Guidelines at 30 dB(A), Leq. For a campsite, the LA90 recommended noise level outside becomes 28 dB(A) at night to protect sleep.

7.9. Furthermore, it is of note that there was no adequate assessment of the acoustic impacts on the recreational amenity of the Dome at Tallyminoch. The owner of this property relies of the revenue from paying guests to maintain this important tourist facility promoting the dark sky park in this exceptionally tranquil rural location.

7.10. The three wind farm development applications are all deficient in regard to the assessment of noise impact upon all noise sensitive locations in the surrounding Community.

8. We contest the applicants’ agreed position statements that it was agreed that an assessment of excess amplitude modulation could be scoped out.

Mr Huson’s Evidence in his report at CD.017.005 Para 95 & 96:

95 ETSU-R-97 incorrectly addressed amplitude modulation and made a sweeping assumption that such a characteristic was rare in modern wind farms. This is not the case and it is now recognised that amplitude modulation is the most significantly intrusive sound characteristic of wind turbines.

8.1. 96 The GPG refers in section 7.2 to ongoing research. Since the publication of the GPG there has been much ongoing research and amplitude modulation is known to be a significant concern for residents near modern wind farms.

9. It is of note that evidence of baseline acoustic sound-scape monitoring is submitted as an integral part of our Inquiry Report [CD.017.009 IARO ].

This document describes in detail the scientific acoustic data gathered at various noise receptors, inside homes of people who have serious concerns about a future with more industrial wind turbines on their doorstep.

9.1. A summary of the report:

Craiginmoddie, Carrick and Knockcronal Wind Power Plants (WPPs) are currently being proposed for South Ayrshire.
• High-resolution recordings of low-frequency sound and infrasound were obtained at several locations near these proposed WPPs.

• The purpose of these recordings was to document the baseline soundscape prior to, and in anticipation of, a formal consent for these proposed WPPs.

• The presence or absence of existing Wind Turbine Acoustic Signatures (WTAS) was determined for each of the locations and their likely sources are indicated.

• The following locations are already subjected to WTAS from several other, WPPs: Knockskae Cottage, Glenalla Farm, Little Garroch, Glengennet, Tairlaw House, Glenhead, and Barnfield

• A further WTAS source, with a BPF at or above 1 Hz, affected Knockskae Cottage, Glenalla Farm, Little Garroch, Glengennet, Glenhead and Barnfield. Its source could not be identified.

• All locations affected by this unknown source were also affected by a 20-hertz tone, also of unknown origin.

And our goal is:
Acoustical monitoring of the baseline soundscape in vicinity of the proposed Craiginmoddie, Carrick and Knockcronal WPPs in anticipation that consent may be granted.

9.2. We contest the applicant’s agreed position statements:

“It was agreed that the assessment of wind turbine low frequency noise and infrasound should be scoped out of the assessment on the basis that guidance referenced by Scottish Planning Policy that there is no evidence of health effects arising from infrasound or low frequency noise generated by wind turbines”.

9.3. Mr Huson therefore states in his Report CD.017.005:

154 Low frequency sound is not considered separately in ETSU-R-97 and I propose that a condition be included in a permit, if approved, to assess low frequency noise in accordance with DEFRA-NAN-R45.

155 Infrasound remains an area of contention and any permit for wind farm developments should include a provision that; if it is demonstrated that infrasound from wind farms have an adverse effect on health that the wind farms must comply with such infrasound level limits that prevent adverse health effects.

9.4. Furthermore, Mr Huson at Para’s 68 -69 & 70 concludes:

68 Accordingly, I disagree with Section 3 of the Statement of Agreed Matters, 21 March 2023 regarding infrasound from wind turbines being comparable to the normal ambient environment and that A-weighted sound levels present sufficient control over the potential impact of low frequency noise.

9.5.  69 The issue associated with the larger wind turbines is that they emit resonant infrasound tones in the presence of wind even when they are not rotating. This makes it impossible to assess the ambient infrasound levels around the wind farms until after they are decommissioned and removed. I presume that the same will apply for the candidate wind turbines used as examples in the three wind farms of this conjoined inquiry.

9.6. 70 If ambient infrasound levels are deemed to be important it would be wise to collect samples before construction of the proposed developments, so that ambient infrasound measurements can be compared to when the developments are operational.

9.7. Mr Jiggins suggested that it was not practical to monitor inside the homes of complainants because it is too intrusive. Our experience is contrary to this statement, we have found few problems, but with the right attitude and continuous recording for shorter time periods.

10. The experience and evidence of Rita Holmes (31st May2023 Day 2 of the Noise Hearing Session 2.25 hours), as one of the 17 residents who reported being severely impacted by the Hunterston turbines, [CD.017.007 ] advised how adversely impacted their residential amenity became when the turbines were operational. How they were not protected by the current WTN guidance and how Public Health Scotland were incapable of action. She was unable to see the turbines from her home but she was able to ‘perceive’ when the turbines were operational, to the extent that a wave of sickness, or dizziness would overtake her. How many more cases are there that are hidden or unresolved, whereby residents are not being supported by their Local Planning Authority or Environmental Health Departments?

10.1. Professor Alves Pereira stated in her evidence that the truth is often very inconvenient, especially when it goes against government policy, so what should one do? She explains how ILFN may be up for debate in the UK, but other countries have had legislation for infrasound since the 1980s. She demonstrates how Mr Lotinga’s own evidence in CD012.027 – Hearing Statement on behalf of the Carrick Applicant ,Hearing statement on Noise actually contains references to papers which have been inadequately evaluated as they have been evaluated by acousticians and engineers and not been evaluated by those with a medical background. Mr Lotinga states that ‘noise’ below 80hertz is accepted by the wind industry to be imperceptible to humans. He confirms that, ‘we’ accept that, audible is synonymous with perceptible and only audible is perceived by the human brain.

10.2. Yet his reference 20 on page 18 by Weichenberger 2017 demonstrates that infrasound is perceived by the brain even if it is inaudible.

Mr Lotinga’s reference in paragraph 93 on page 22
In relation to low frequency sound and noise limits, the WSP BEIS report also noted the following……
reference 44 on page 23, as well as referring to the fact that wind turbine noise is often a greater source of low frequency noise than traffic noise; it also says that allowable windfarm noise limits and associated penalties are often lacking in evidence to support them. That wind turbine noise has the potential to impact on human annoyance, sleep disturbance and well being. Professor Alves Pereira stressed that annoyance is a symptom of the agent of disease from a wind turbine pulse. [CD.017.011 IARO chapter ]

11. It is also notable that the WHO state:

Special attention should also be given to: noise sources in an environment with low background sound levels; combinations of noise and vibrations; and noise sources with low frequency components.

11.1. The question is then, why are the wind industry acousticians constantly seeking to down play residents’ complaints and deny the health impacts from adversely impacted residents, especially those who suffer severe sleep disturbance?
Can it really be the case that all other sources of noise nuisance from whatever source rightly needs to be addressed, but only wind turbine noise is benign and causes no ill effects?

The evidence from the WHO totally contradicts the unfounded claim by the WPS authors:

Overall, the findings from the existing evidence base indicate that infrasound from wind turbines at typical exposure levels has no direct adverse effects on physical or mental health, and reported symptoms of ill-health are more likely to be psychogenic in origin.

and likewise, as questioned by INWG: [CD.017.008 ]

‘On what basis should medically unqualified acousticians, (as are the WSP authors) opinions on the health and wellbeing of adversely affected residents, become accepted as a statement of fact, on which large scale planning decisions are made and on which government policy is determined? ‘

12. The NIA reports conclude that in no case would effects be of such nature and / or magnitude that they affect living conditions at any property to the point it becomes an unattractive place to live, when judged objectively in the public interest.
Therefore, the Reporter has to consider as to why Knockcronnal and Carrick deem it necessary to induce 3 further properties to become financially involved when the planning application has progressed as far as this public inquiry?
12.1. For Knockcronal:

the RVA Agreements create financial involvement solely to the extent that the properties can be considered non-sensitive receptors with respect to residential visual amenity. The RVA Agreements do not provide for the acquisition of any of the RVA Properties. The RVA Agreements also do not address noise or shadow flicker matters and have no bearing on the related assessments with respect to these matters (or any other matters) included in the Applicant’s Environmental Impact Assessment Report or subsequent documentation submitted during the public local inquiry process.
2.7 Specifically with respect to noise, the site specific noise limits proposed by the Applicant and included in the operational noise conditions [RVA2 Residential Visual Amenity and Financial Interest – Knockcronal Wind Farm Ltd] have been calculated on the basis that no dwellings are financially involved.

12.2. A home is very personal and people who choose to live in rural locations do so for the wild open peaceful environment as the witness statements in CD.017.014 testify.
The reality of living in the shadow of an complex of this size and power in a normally quiet rural environment is tantamount to living in a large scale industrial and devastated environment.

13. Save Straiton Amendments to Operational Wind Turbine Noise Condition 37. [CD17.34 Save Straiton Amendments to Operational Wind Turbine Noise Condition 37.]
We stand by our recommendations with regard to conditions in this document, to take the precautionary approach in order to protect public health and residential amenity. Conditions can only be a contingency in the event the applications are approved.
Should the applicants have full confidence in their bluster about the capabilities of their proposed turbines, they would gladly accept all our proposed conditions – even be prepared to address our ‘wish list’.
13.1. The Reporters should request that the background noise tables are completely reassessed due to ongoing non compliance of Hadyard Hill operational noise levels and the conjoined applicants unsound reliance on flawed data. [CD.017.23 Matters for Reporters Noise].

13.2. Justification for the inclusion of an amplitude modulation condition and also impulsiveness has been explored in the Hearing and should remain as suggested.
Other suggested modifications have been justified and should not be removed.
The arguments offered in the Joint Response for the removal of the conditions proposed by Save Straiton for Scotland are not founded and should be rejected.

4. Conclusion:

This summary is based on evidence generated from the dire circumstances created for many when forced to envisage a life, or live, close to industrial wind turbines, as current Scottish Government policy dictates.
Scottish Government Planning endorses ETSU-R-97
This is unjust, immoral guidance which we have a right and a duty to challenge.
Save Straiton For Scotland appeals to the Reporters to penetrate the ostensible and refuse this planning application on the evidence of breaches in ETSU-R-97, the Good Practice Guide and potential overbearing Residential Amenity Impacts both visual and Noise.
The three wind farm development applications are all deficient in regard to the assessment of noise impact upon all noise sensitive locations in the surrounding Community.
End

Watch the inquiry hearing proceedings here:

The Noise Hearing Session Tuesday 30th May here

and Wednesday 31st May Noise Hearing Session

Landscape and Visual Amenity Evening Hearing

Conditions Hearing Session (there were connection problems but Noise condition 37 is discussed from 30minutes in for approximately 1hour)

Download the summary submission here: Save Straiton For Scotland Summary Residential Amenity – Noise

All referenced documents are in the public domain and published on the DPEA website: 

WIN 370-4 Craiginmoddie Wind Farm,

WIN 370-5 Carrick Wind Farm,

WIN 370-6 Knockcronal Wind Farm,

1. Sclenteuch WindFarm ECU 00003318 have applied for nine turbines up to 200metres high, RES states: ‘normally’ rated at 6MW (Max Total MW Of Development Applied For:). This site is totally unsuitable for a wind power plant of this size as the Proposed Development is located approximately 1 km south of Patna and Waterside with a population of around 2000 people and there are well over a hundred homes within close proximity to the site. Eighty six noise receptor homes, are listed in Table 12.7 – with only SIX assumed representative background noise survey locations, listed on pages 9 & 10 in the Noise EIAR Vol 1 Chapter 12.

1.1.  As can clearly seen in the applicant’s Figure A5.4.1 (above) – Residential Visual Amenity Assessment, this industrial wind power plant will have an overbearing impact on surrounding communities and visitors to the area, 7 – 9 turbines being clearly visible and dominating this area. 

2. Following the Regulatory planning hearing on 27^th June 2023, South Ayrshire Council submitted their response offering no objection to this development. Save Straiton for Scotland strongly object to this response particularly with regard to the impact upon the residential amenity of all the sensitive locations in the surrounding Community.

The lack of opposition by SAC to the proposed development does not assure that the nearby Communities will have an acceptable residential amenity as described below:

This is contrary to South Ayrshire Council Supplementary Guidance: Wind Energy South Ayrshire Council (2015) Supplementary Guidance on Wind Energy (superseded) Part 2:

Development Criteria.

We will support proposals if: they do not have a significant detrimental visual impact, taking into account

views experienced from surrounding residential properties and settlements, public roads and paths,

significant public viewpoints, and important recreational assets and tourist attractions;

An assessment of the visual effects on the following interests (where relevant) will be requested: Homes

and towns and villages within 5km of a windfarm.

C: Communities Quality of Life and Amenity

Visual

The siting and design of a windfarm provide the most effective means of minimising visual and landscape

impacts. Design objectives should take into account local residential property and the extent that the

proposal will be visible. This design process should seek to minimise significant visual effects on private

property work place or community facility. As a general rule a minimum separation distance of 2km from

towns and villages to a turbine will be will be required. Individual dwellings should be suffiently distant to

minimize significant visual effects. This assessment should be informed by residential visual amenity

surveys, all property within 2.5km of wind turbines should be considered in this assessment. Also

G: Cumulative Impact

Establishing boundaries and maintaining visual separation from other wind farms would allow for a clear

distinction to be perceived between the wind-farmed landscape and the landscape beyond. It is therefore

proposed, consistent with Scottish Planning Policy (Paragraph 169), to provide significant protection to

the sensitive foothills and valley areas in the immediate vicinity of these windfarm landscapes in order

that the integrity of local landscapes and their character can be retained. These areas have been

incorporated within table 2, Landscape Strategy

2.1. SAC’s Regulatory Panel decision is contrary to the planning system which is intended to protect the health and well being of those who are impacted by planning developments. South Ayrshire Local Development plan adopted in August 2022 on page 79 states:

Air, noise and light pollution can have serious effects on health and well-being. Rather than trying to lessen these effects after a development has taken place, we think it is more effective to avoid developing areas where these problems could occur.

LDP policy: air, noise and light pollution:

We will not allow development which would expose people to unacceptable levels of air, noise or light pollution.

3. A Supreme Court judgment in Australia (Bald Hills)[1] notably stated there should be no preference towards the development of renewable energy to the detriment of people nearby. A development should be able to both address the need for renewable energy AND provide an acceptable environment for those nearby to have an acceptable acoustic amenity.

Read and download the full objection on Noise and Residential Amenity here:

Sclenteuch NIA and Residential Amenity objection 21.7.23

Links to the Appendices referenced in the report are listed below:

Appendix 1 CD Save Straiton 15 Bald Hills T0145
Appendix 2: CD Save Straiton 14 witness statements
Appendix 3: 517357-290416 Hadyard Hill Meeting Minutes (GL)
Appendix 4 CD 17 23 Matters for Reporters Noise. docx
Appendix 5: CD Save Straiton 7 Hearing Statement Rita Holmes April 2023
Appendix 6: IARO-Commentary on 2017 HPS document-MAP (2)
Appendix 7 CD Save Straiton 9 IARO Conjoined Inquiry FINAL
Appendix 8CD Save Straiton 11 IARO chapter 85225
Appendix 9 CD Save Straiton 12 IARO23-1 White Paper on the Harmonic Series Metrics

All Sclenteuch Application documents can be found here:

https://www.energyconsents.scot/ApplicationDetails.aspx?cr=ECU00003318

All documents are in the public domain and published on the DPEA website 

WIN 370-4 Craiginmoddie Wind Farm, Dailly, South Ayrshire, KA26.

WIN 370-5 Carrick Wind Farm, Approximately South Ayrshire, KA19.

WIN 370-6 Knockcronal Wind Farm, Knockcronal, Straiton, South Ayrshire, KA19.

TOPIC : WIND TURBINE NOISE.

ON BEHALF OF Save Straiton for Scotland.

The full Inquiry Sessions can be viewed at:

The Noise Hearing Session Tuesday 30th May here

and Wednesday 31st May Noise Hearing Session

Landscape and Visual Amenity Evening Hearing 

Conditions Hearing Session

The Topic of Noise Save Straiton for Scotland

The Save Straiton for Scotland Inquiry Report Noise .

Authors: Susan Crosthwaite & Melvin Grosvenor.

17^th April 2023.

1. We still maintain that the submitted  conjoined inquiry scope of evididence_(CD SS.1) requires 4 days of noise inquiry sessions for the Reporters to be able to fully examine all of our evidence. A two day hearing will not allow the technical data to be fully explained and examined. The Operational Noise – Statement of Agreed Matters Date: 21st March 2023 Version: FINAL does not address the Cumulative Noise Impact Assessment which incorporates operational Assell Valley, Tralorg, Hadyard Hill, Markhill and Dersalloch industrial wind power plants, as well as Kirkhill (under construction) and the proposed live Sclenteuch Planning Application in conjunction with Craiginmoddie, Carrick and Knockcronal wind power plants. Operational noise, methodology for assessment/recognised guidance/industry standards, infra-sound, low frequency noise and amplitude modulation; individual and cumulative effects (including with other applications subject to this inquiry and nearby wind farms); identification of properties most likely to be affected and to what degree; and the general nature of conditions required in different scenarios (cumulative noise limits/site specific noise limits).

2. The planning system is intended to protect the health and well being of those who are impacted by planning developments. South   Ayrshire Local Development plan adopted in August 2022 on page 79 states:

 Air, noise and light pollution can have serious effects on health and well-being. Rather than trying to lessen these effects after a development has taken place, we think it is more effective to avoid developing areas where these problems could occur.

           LDP policy: air, noise and light pollution:

               We will not allow development which would expose people to unacceptable levels of air, noise or light pollution.

Note: In determining planning applications for development that might generate pollution, we’ll take the advice of the Council’s Environmental Health.

2.1. Our substantive evidence below, will inform the Reporters and SAC why the following statement in Craiginmoddie Wind Farm – Hearing Statement – Noise:

1.3 On this basis SAC’s position remains that the noise impacts associated with all three schemes are acceptable, subject to       conditions. Furthermore, SAC is not seeking a single Cumulative Noise Impact Assessment for all three applications. SAC has    the power to investigate at a later stage should a potential statutory nuisance be found to exist in terms of the Environmental           Protection Act 1990.’

   is fundamentally flawed, as there has been a systemic failure by SAC to adequately investigate and resolve noise nuisance             complaints over many years and certainty since the Hadyard Hill Wind turbines commenced operations, along with the ongoing and        unresolved complaints at Dochroyle, which is documented at Para 4.4 etc.,

This report also references an abandoned property and at least 1 property which is reported to have been brought out by a wind     turbine operator due to complaints. This report’s submitted evidence is that local residents are extremely unlikely to receive timely             and effective resolution by either SAC, or the 3 applicant’s in the event of any Wind Turbine Noise (WTN) nuisance complaints.

3. The Water of Girvan Valley and the Stinchar Valley, protected areas with hundreds of rural homes will have their residential amenity visually and acoustically severely impacted. Many more than the ‘receptors’ identified in the EIA are deemed to be impacted to unacceptable levels.

Once all this report evidence is considered the Council (SAC) may wish to reconsider their stated position

“The Council have had no issue with the standard of service and advice provided by ACCON to date. ACCON UK has confirmed that they had no conflicts of interest with regards to the review of the noise assessment for the Craiginmoddie windfarm. Any suggestion that ACONN UK is not acting in the interests of the Council or that the advice that they offer the Council is wrong would require to be evidenced.”

in their response to EIR/2023/3219.

3.1. In the response to a previous EIR/2022/2965, South Ayrshire Council has acknowledged that it has received 89 wind turbine noise    complaints up to April 2022 – since 2010:

‘4. How many Noise complaints have been received by South Ayrshire Council about wind turbines/ wind farms in the South Ayrshire Council District? Since 2010 we have received 89 complaints as per attached excel spreadsheet 73 of them were about Hadyard Hill as listed in the table below extracted from the excel sheet:

1. 5. Please name the windfarms which have received noise complaints against them? See attached excel spreadsheet (below)

1. 1. 6. When a noise complaint has been registered, how does South Ayrshire Council currently ensure the protection of the Health and Well Being of windfarm neighbours from the on-going noise pollution from the wind turbines?

We investigate it to the best of our ability. Where a statutory nuisance is found to exist we would serve an abatement notice in terms of the Environmental Protection Act 1990. In some instances the Planning Service can instruct the developer to employ their own third party consultant to investigate.

1. 1. 7. How many of these complaints have been satisfactorily resolved in favour of the complainant?

            This information is not recorded, but we advise the complainer to keep in touch if there are further problems and the             service request is closed after three months if there are no further complaints to us.

As a result of this EIR we have significant concerns as to the ability of SAC, or any council in Scotland, to be able to fully independently investigate a wind turbine noise complaint or to bring forward a successful Noise Abatement case. The answer to question 7 is also inaccurate as SAC have supplied 60 copies of recorded communications held by SAC which demonstrate incompetence in resolving noise nuisance complaints.

3.2. Complaints both audible and Infrasound and Low frequency Noise ILFN remain unresolved as wind turbine operators almost always can           demonstrate compliance. There is currently no guidance or mechanism to deal with ILFN.

• In South Ayrshire, homes have been abandoned due to unbearable health impacts – High Tralorg in 2015 – Mr and Mrs Siddell still pay council tax on their home -see witness statement 1.
• Bought out by developer – Tralorg windfarm – and the complainant family subsequently gagged by a NDA – Low Tralorg see witness statement 2.
• Property Sold on to an unsuspecting buyer complete with a letter from the wind turbine operator saying that the home had no noise issues, even though the owners’ health deteriorated, and their complaints could not be satisfactorily resolved – anonymous.
• Ongoing and unresolved cases after years of complaints, having endured long term ‘independent’ monitoring that found the developer compliant – Dochroyle -where pleas for help still remain ignored and unresolved, justified by the EHO advising the complainant to continue to           keep in touch if there are further problems see witness statement 3.

Living and suffering from impacts from acoustic pollution from wind turbines is ‘dose related’ and it is almost impossible for an investigating EHO to     ‘perceive’ any noise nuisance on an ‘occasional’ visit. These witness complaint statements are logged in           (CD. S S  3..) with video evidence.

3.3. As seen in (6) of the above EIR/2022/2965, the complaint service request is closed after three months if there are no further recorded complaints. This is often the case as living under the shadow of turbines has such debilitating impacts on the health and wellbeing of those suffering, that they do not have the sustained energy to constantly keep up the pressure of pursuing the constant denial of their health complaints, so they give up and are then subjected to a life of misery, through NO Fault of their own. This is completely unacceptable.

This is a significant issue which is causing even greater concern, as the renewable energy policy is driving development of large-scale wind turbines, like these 36 turbines, of even greater size and capacity closer to many more homes.

4. In EIR/2023/3219, SAC were asked for an update on any complaints since April 2022 discussed above in EIR/2022/2965.

     Please can you update the excel sheet with complaints since 04.22.

Their answer is at odds with the 89 in the Excel sheet – 73 referencing Hadyard Hill – presumably these are four of the 89?

            We have searched our planning records and have listed the cases where noise complaints have been received:

Hadyard Hill, Dailly. Ref. 11/00074/OTHER – received 16.02.2011

Tralorg Hill, Pinmore. Ref. 19/00150/COND – received 08.05.2019 – (Specifically noise from construction vehicles)

Mark Hill, Barrhill. Ref. 20/00062/COND – received 02.03.2020

Mark Hill, Barrhill. Ref. 21/00352/COND – Received 21.12.2021

4.1. Craiginmoddie Noise Report at Para 7.66 state:

            7.66 ‘In respect of the claims that the Hadyard Wind Farm has been switched off due to noise issues, SAC are only aware that individual wind turbines have been turned off during investigation of noise complaints. SAC’s records indicate that the affected properties were Laigh Tralorg Cottage, Dobbingstone Farm and Tralodden Cottage. SAC are not aware of the wind farm as a whole having been turned off. Whilst investigations took place, SAC have no evidence that a statutory nuisance has been caused by the Hadyard Hill Wind Farm. SAC is satisfied that the noise assessments for the three applications have taken adequate account of            existing wind farm developments, including Hadyard Hill, to ensure consented noise limits are not breached. To ensure that consented      operational noise levels are not breached, subsequent applications must achieve a lower noise level at noise sensitive receptors, with the cumulative noise levels of the proposed development in conjunction with existing development modelled and reported within the noise assessments. SAC is satisfied that, subject to conditions governing operational noise limits, the operation of the Craiginmoddie, Carrick and Knockcronal Wind Farms would not result in an unacceptable effect on any nearby noise sensitive receptors.

            7.67 I agree with SACs conclusion and would note that suitable noise limits have been proposed by the Applicants which take account of the noise immissions from existing wind farms, including HHWF.

            7.68 I have carefully considered the noise related points raised by third parties. None of the points that have been raised alter my conclusion regarding the potential noise impacts associated with CMWF, I see no reason why consent should be refused on noise grounds. I am satisfied that noise impacts can be controlled through the imposition of suitably worded noise related planning conditions.

• Whilst James Mackay representing Energy Kontor at Para 7.67, above, may concur with SAC’s statement in 7.66:

 A Noise Abatement was served by SAC on 22^nd February 2016 – Ref 15/07888/NOIOTH/1, as a result of extended noise complaints about Hadyard Hill wind turbine noise from 2015. A council meeting was held about it – HADYARD HILL WIND FARM, DAILLY MEETING held on Friday 29th April 2016 Fourth Floor Meeting Room, Burns House, Burns Statue Square, Ayr, KA7 1UT Ref 517357 -to discuss the complaint. Ref: (CD.SS4) for the full record of the meeting and 60 communications (some of them multiple emails) regarding noise complaints – mainly with regard to this case.

As Hadyard  Hill was one of the first ever windfarms to be built the Noise Conditions are inadequate to protect the residents in any way.

4.3 Years of distress since the first complaint in 2015, endless emails and communications, noise monitoring and a doctor’s letter linking sleep disturbance to the health issues caused by the presence of the wind turbines, again left wind turbine victims with no satisfactory recourse, as the developer’s acousticians ‘found‘ their monitoring to be compliant and the council failed to up hold their abatement order. SAC basically abandoned the noise victims and dismissed the case. This again demonstrates the inability of ‘noise impacts to be controlled through the imposition of suitably worded noise related planning conditions’.

Below are a very few extracts which make for extremely disturbing reading:

Ref. 53603 “Just to inform you that who is a resident of has just been released from hospital and last night was again deprived of sleep which is one of the reasons she  was in hospital, the doctor has linked her lack of sleep directly to the wind turbines and has kept a record of her ongoing health problems due to them. he has asked us to e-mail you and let you know that these wind turbines are causing ill health due to nuisance and the continuous lack of sleep. We have received a report from SSE lawyer which I believe you have a copy, in it he refers to TNEI having another look at the tonal noise from the turbines between end of 2015 to February 2016             where they have decided that no tonal noise was breached although served an abatement notice on them although albeit on the wrong department which of course does not take away the fact that she believed they were breached. Can you now tell us if she made a mistake in serving this notice and there was no breach of nuisance and she was wrong in her decision to serve the abatement notice, or if you believe she was right could you also confirm if that is the case. Finally could you tell us if it is your intention to reserve the notice if you do agree with decision or do you intend not to reserve the abatement notice. I believe solicitor is going to write to you direct.”

           Ref.553865 “As I have explained previously, we had not witnessed any nuisance conditions from the turbines on the 11 occasions we have attended as a result of complaints from you” 

Ref. 554401 “Thank you for your letter and i must inform you i have never read anything so ridiculous from any council worker. Firstly             there was an abatement notice served on SSE however it was served wrongly and that was the fault of the council. I am aware of the clash between your and that she had to go over his head in order to carry out the proper procedure relating to the nuisance at our property, as there is no change in the operating of the wind turbines and although their own first report supports that there were breaches in the nuisance levels you still tell me now that you cannot identify a nuisance although all the evidence is there. we will now proceed to take our evidence further.”

Ref.560703 “I would advise that a recent meeting took place between Environmental Health and SSE Generation / TNEI Services Ltd       to discuss the noise report produced outlining the findings of the most recent noise monitoring exercise undertaken by them as a result complaints of noise received from you and other residents of in respect of Hadyard Hill Wind Farm.

I understand you have been sent a copy of the report into the noise levels which were measured between August 2016 and November 2016.

Due to the amended operational control regime which has been put in place, levels were found to be in compliance with the agreed noise levels.

            We have accepted the findings contained in the report and SSE Generation’s ongoing commitment that the amended             operational control regime is retained and if possible automated.

            Our investigations into this matter are now concluded.

            Regards,”

Ref. 569865 “I would advise that a recent meeting took place between Environmental Health and SSE Generation / TNEI Services Ltd       to discuss the noise report produced outlining the findings of the most recent noise monitoring exercise undertaken by them as a result complaints of noise received from you and other residents of in respect of Hadyard Hill Wind Farm.

I understand you have been sent a copy of the report into the noise levels which were measured between August 2016 and November 2016. Due to the amended operational control regime which has been put in place in place, levels were found to be in compliance with the agreed noise levels. We have accepted the findings contained in the report and SSE Generation’s ongoing commitment that the amended operational control regime is retained and if possible automated.

Our investigations into this matter are now concluded.

Regards,”

Ref 567819 “You may recall I responded to your previous email on this subject (further copy attached). I had hoped that would provide the reassurance you were seeking that both officers are more than adequately qualified and experienced to have investigated your complaint about turbine noise.

Can I politely remind you one more time that the Council has issued its final consideration of your complaint and has nothing further to add. We will not enter into further correspondence with either of you on this matter.

I hope that clarifies the matter.”

5. South Ayrshire Council (SAC) has taken the advice of ACCON and Environmental Health to make planning decisions with regard to noise impacts from wind turbine noise on those living in proximity to such developments. ACCON relies on ETSU R 97 and The Good Practice Guide as it states:

The Council’s noise consultant, ACCON UK Limited, have been internally consulted to review the submitted documents relating to noise in order to inform Council considerations as whether the noise assessments have been carried out appropriately and to advise on the acceptability or otherwise of the proposals with respect of noise. In their response, ACCON has advised that the methodologies used in the noise chapter represent good practice and are in line with ETSUR-97 (operational noise) and the Institute of Acoustics (IOA) Good Practice Guidance for wind turbines. As part of this, they also endorse the approach to deriving cumulative noise limits and subsequent site-specific noise limits which they conclude are also in line with the same guidance referenced above.

6. We consider having reviewed the evidence submitted by the applicant’s acousticians in respect of all 3 proposals, that that ACCON and SAC Environmental Health and therefore SAC, are not fully informed regarding the detrimental operational impacts arising from the significantly increased size and power levels, both individually and cumulatively of the proposed large scale industrial turbines will have on the acoustic environment.

All of the applicant’s Environmental Impact Assessment methodology is severely constrained, by only focussing on outdated current noise ‘guidance’ which fails to consider, monitor or assess the full operational acoustic environmental impacts on Residential Amenity.

Furthermore, Mr Huson states at Para 163 in his Expert Witness Statement that; (CD S S 5.)

163 In consideration of the above concerns, the project target noise limits of ETSU-R-97 will not be met and the conjoined             projects should not be granted approval.

It is also clear from Mr Huson’s thorough appraisal of the 3 application Noise Impact Statements and the Statement of Agreed Matters Noise, that there are significant failures in the cumulative WTN assessment methodology and that our request for a detailed cumulative WTN assessment was sound and justified. This request has been ignored.

• Following on from the unresolved complaints at Hadyard Hill and the experience of residents adversely impacted by the Hunterston offshore turbines, we refer to a statement by James Mackay ref Craiginmoddie Hearing statement Noise at Para 7.16: 

7.16 Whilst concerns regarding health impacts associated with wind turbines are sometimes raised / discussed in wind farm appeals I am not aware of any cases where a proposal has been refused on this basis. When considering the appeal for the Mochrum Fell Wind Farm (PPA-170-2152) the Reporter noted, in paragraph 85 that: ‘I have noted other concerns raised by objectors that relate to the potential impact of the proposal on human health. However, there is no evidence to support these concerns.’

• The above statement from the Mochrum Fell decision letter did not reflect the actual evidence given at the hearing and one can only guess as to why the Reporter (Ms Lynch), chose to make the above statement. Susan Crosthwaite had cause to write about this serious concern to Mr S Ferry (Chief Reporter) and Mr Buylla (Principal Reporter), which records the evidence from Mochrum Fell (extracts from the letter sent dated 12th October 2022): Details of this letter are provided below (CD SS 6 ) :
  • • “During the inquiries and hearings we have put before the DPEA reporters a considerable amount of scientific evidence which demonstrates that the current planning guidance on environmental noise is not fit for purpose and does not protect the health and well being of windfarm neighbours with regard to noise pollution through current Scottish planning and UK legislation. Planning is devolved, yet noise is not!

Robust planning conditions are supposed to be designed to protect the amenity, health and well-being for all residents subjected to developments close to their homes. Due to the vast number of windfarm planning applications across Scotland, thousands of lives are being impacted. It is a failure of responsibility for reporters accountable for the planning conditions, to ignore substantial evidence which demonstrates that the guidance ETSU R 97 and the Good Practice Guide are not delivering conditions to protect local residents from adverse noise generated by the operations of windfarms.

In our experience reporters ascertain that inquiries and hearings are not the forum to discuss these inadequacies, yet the DPEA and Consent Departments of the Scottish Government are the very forum where these life changing decisions are made.

I would like to refer you to the recent Mochrum Fell hearing: https://dpea.public-i.tv/core/portal/webcast_interactive/668651https://www.dpea.scotland.gov.uk/CaseDetails.aspx?ID=121722  Dumfries and Galloway Council (20/01683/FUL)

Below is an extract from the transcript taken from this DPEA online video of the inquiry proceedings. 7 hours into the hearing video, Reporter Ms Lynch asked:

Having said that, is there anyway a condition could be attached, to a consent such as this, that could be enforceable? I have/am  still not having a concrete answer I would say, from you?

7:02:15 Professor Alves Pereira answered:  Well, how about monitoring the health of people?

Reporter: In terms of?

Professor Alves Pereira: Not cholesterol, their neurological respiratory response, monitoring their cognitive ability, which goes down the drain in these homes, monitoring other cardiac function. There’s MRI’s which can be produced after a year of residing in a contaminated home………….

………………..I would monitor, properly monitor, with medical people, not Environmental Health Officers. I have the greatest respect for them but, they are not trained in Medical Sciences, they are not medical diagnosticians…………..

7:15.04 Reporter: Whilst Mr Grosvenor is trying to rejoin, I am certainly not in disagreement with Miss Pridham and Ms Crosthwaite in terms of how desirable such a condition might be and how beneficial it maybe but my ability to impose such a condition is extremely limited and you should be aware of that and certainly not in disagreement with Ms Crosthwaite in terms of how desirable.

Glitch with my Mr Grosvenor sound.. aborted..

Ms Crosthwaite:  That was Mr Grosvenor calling saying he won’t be rejoining, as he has too many problems. (with his broadband)

Mr Grosvenor did say you could put a note in your recommendations and express concern and suggest some kind of monitoring is done and suggest some kind of study is set up as well. I am about to speak to Generation Scotland and maybe if it came from you as well, it would help to set something up to look at the health, the general health of wind farm neighbours. 7.21.21.

Reporter:  Okay, okay, I will certainly reflect this discussion in my decision letter, absolutely I think that is a sensible solution .

Yet, when it came to the Decision letter the Reporter resorted to the usual ETSU-R 97 /Good Practice Guide as the excuse for failing to fulfil this commitment at the inquiry:

 It is of immense concern and completely relevant to this Conjoined Inquiry, given the evidence submitted by all three acousticians which continues to postulate the unsound position as stated within the WSP BEIS report that; “indicates that wind turbine infrasound has no adverse effects on human health at typical exposure levels and that it is not necessary to consider wind turbine infrasound when determining development applications”. Furthermore, assessment on the basis of ‘A’ weighted sound levels (the approach in the ETSU-R-97 assessment methodology) provides sufficient control over the potential impact of low frequency noise”.

6.4 The ongoing and currently unresolved wind turbine noise nuisance case in respect of the Blary Hill Wind Power Station, is having a devastating impact on the affected residents, to the same extent as experienced by the Hadyard Hill residents at 53603 above.

6.5      The ETSU & 97 Wind Turbine Noise Planning Conditions imposed by the Reporters at the Blary Hill Appeal Case reference: PPA-130- 2052 by (Mr S Ferry and Mr C Warren) are failing to protect the residential amenity of the residents and are therefore, not fit for purpose.

6.6. The experience and evidence of Rita Holmes, as one of the residents severely impacted by the Hunterston turbines, (CD.SS7) also advises that               adversely impacted residents residential amenity, is not protected by the current WTN guidance. How many more cases are there that are             hidden or unresolved, whereby residents are not being supported by their Local Planning Authority or Environmental Health Departments?

7. Extract from Onshore Wind Policy Statement 2022 (OWPS) Issued by the Scottish Government December 2022.

            3.7. Noise 3.7.1. ‘The Assessment and Rating of Noise from Wind Farms’ (Final Report, Sept 1996, DTI), (ETSU-R-97) provides the framework for the measurement of wind turbine noise, and all applicants are required to follow the framework and use it to assess and rate noise from wind energy developments.

3.7.2. The Institute of Acoustics (IOA) Good Practice Guide to the Application of ETSU-R-97 for the Assessment and Rating of Wind Turbine Noise was published in May 2013 to support the use of ETSUR- 97 when designing potential windfarm schemes, and the monitoring of noise levels from generating sites. The Scottish Government recognises this guide as a useful tool which developers can use in conjunction with ETSU-R-97. 

3.7.3. The Scottish Government is aware that the UK Government has been considering the extent to which ESTU-R-97 may require updating to ensure it is aligned with the potential effects from more modern turbines. The Scottish Government supports this work and anticipate the results of a short-term review project in due course. (our emphasis)

3.7.4. Until such time as new guidance is produced, ETSU-R-97 should continue to be followed by applicants and used to assess and rate noise from wind energy developments. 

7.1. As previously stated, there is recognition in this latest update on onshore wind policy that there is a need for an update for ETSU R 97, yet there is no recognition that this guidance, and its subsequent conditions when approved at planning, does not provide the guaranteed, or      substantive protection required to make living close to industrial turbines safe from harm.

7.2 The proposed Noise Conditions (WTN) are based on the standard ETSU-R-97 Guidance.  It is strongly considered that extensive and      worldwide experience gained over the time from the date of publication, has show that the Guidance is fundamentally flawed from the outset,    as there was no medical expert on the panel, or consideration of potential health impacts from operational turbines.

7.3. It is abundantly clear the wind turbine blade tip heights have increased from under 50 metres to up to 250 metres plus, and the commensurate generating power output from under 1MW to more than 7 MW, without any notable review of Wind Turbine Noise environmental health impacts. ETSU R 97 only provides for outdated planning conditions, introduced in 1997 when turbines were up to six times smaller and six times less powerful.

7.4  Current UK Government endorsed planning guidance on WTN comprises just ETSU and the IOAGPG, which consider only audible noise, and does not address infrasound or low frequency noise (ILFN) from wind turbines. ETSU, published in 1997, referred to infrasound (but only twice), yet the IOAGPG, published in 2013, now makes no mention at all of infrasound. Both ETSU and the IOAGPG were substantially authored by a group of acousticians affiliated to the Institute of Acoustics, the majority of whom worked primarily as consultants to, or employees of the UK wind industry. There were no medical experts on the panel.

7.5 The 175-page document, titled “The assessment & rating of noise from wind farms,” has an opening statement which is fully transcribed below:

This report was drawn up under the direction of the Noise Working Group. While the information contained in this report is given in good faith, it is issued strictly on the basis that any person or entity relying on it does so entirely at their own risk, and without the benefit of any warranty or commitment whatsoever on the part of the individuals or organisations involved in the report as to the veracity or accuracy of any facts or statements contained in this report. The views and judgements expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of ETSU, the Department of Trade and Industry or any of the other participating organisations

7.6 It might now be interesting to list the contributors who knowingly co-signed a document of (self-acknowledged) questionable veracity and  accuracy.

8. We are fully aware of the relevance of paragraph: 7.4. Operational Noise Report Craiginmoddie Wind Farm; “Until such time as new guidance is produced, ETSU-R-97 should continue to be followed by applicants and used to assess and rate noise from wind energy developments, which is now subject of interest, due the publication of the WSP BEIS report (CD012.015) titled ‘A review of Noise Guidance of Onshore Wind Turbines’.

8.1.  We also note the Statement of Agreed Matters Noise which states at Para 2.7

The WSP BEIS report itself does not provide new guidance, nor does it form, or function as, a replacement for ETSU-R-97 or supersede any parts of the current policy or guidance frameworks in place, in Scotland or elsewhere in the UK.

          and at: Para 2.11

The assessments produced to consider operational noise from all three proposed developments, and the approach used to determine suitable noise limits as discussed in this SoAM, followed the guidance set out in ETSU-R-97 and the IOA GPG.

We agree that the methodologies defined within these documents remain relevant and valid for the purposes of assessing these proposed developments.

Therefore, our position in respect of the inadequacy of ETSU R 97 and the IOAGP remain intact as stated above. 

8.2.   Due to the introduction, by the applicants, of the WSP BEIS report (CD012.015) titled ‘A review of Noise Guidance of Onshore Wind Turbines’, authored by Mike Lotinga and Toby Lewis of WSP; we likewise, introduce and reference the Independent Noise Working Group’s (INWG) critique (CD S S 8 )  of this recently published report.

Notably, the lead Peer Reviewer was Bernard Berry, who is listed above as a Member of the ETSU R 97 Working Group.

(Note: INWG Critique: Text quoted from the WSP report, website or Linkedin page is shown in blue italics. Text quoted from other documents is shown in black italics. INWG comments or statements are shown in red and highlighted in grey.)

We advise the Inquiry that:

“The INWG’s mission is ensuring that the acoustic impacts from wind turbines are properly controlled in order to protect public health and wellbeing”.

8.3   The INWG’s critique of the WSP BEIS report is highly critical. (Note: Susan Crosthwaite and Melvin Grosvenor are members of INWG.)

The critique’s introduction states:

“The report titled; ‘A review of noise guidance for onshore wind turbines’ was released by acoustic consultant WSP on their company website on 10 February 2023 with an announcement appearing on the WSP Linkedin social media page, open here.  An initial review of the web site report summary, open here raised some serious concerns regarding the integrity, impartiality and accuracy of this report to Government.  As a result, the INWG decided to conduct an analysis of the WSP report.

At 400 pages in length, two or three times longer than needed, repetitive and with an excess of jargon it will dissuade all but the most determined reader to properly evaluate the findings. When we analyse the report, its methodology, authors and invited stakeholders it is concluded this review of ETSU-R-97 is biased with conflicts of interest throughout.

The stakeholder engagement survey at section 4 of the report, is arguably the most important workstream within the review.  Whereas the engagement objectives would appear to be reasonable, the implementation is judged to be deficient and compromised by bias.  The survey composition of the ‘by invitation only’ stakeholders creates a bias in favour of the wind industry and is particularly imbalanced as it excludes those with direct experience of living near wind turbines and their representatives.

Despite this overwhelming evidence from the stakeholder survey that ETSU-R-97 has failed, WSP chose to include the written statement from two professional associations (see pages 162 and 163), which recommended to continue with the use ETSU-R-97.  The unnamed professional associations in making this statement demonstrate their denial of the shortcomings of using ETSU-R-97 and denigrate the so-called ‘objector groups’.  This would appear to be an unprofessional attempt to pressure government to retain ETSU-R-97 and to prevent independent scrutiny.” 

8.4 Furthermore, INWG note:

It is evident from this statement that the unnamed professional associations are in denial of the shortcomings with ETSU-R-97. Additionally, they have denigrated the so called ‘objector groups’ with the misleading statement;

“The fact that onshore wind development in the UK has attracted little adverse attention from those worried about noise does not mean that such an announcement would not stir up considerable interest from objector groups with no factual or scientific basis for their assertions.”

This assertion by the WSP authors is deeply concerning, as it has no basis in reality and is seeking to unjustifiably undermine one of the recommendations of the WHO’s 2018 European Environmental Noise Guidance, which is discussed within this report.

This inquiry report will also contest this unfounded statement by submitting substantive scientific evidence which directly challenges the WSP report statement.

          8.5. INWG’s critique also draws further attention to the report’s deeply concerning survey response methodology and analysis:

In summary, Figures 4-5, 4-6 and 4-7 provide a clear indication that there are concerns with many aspects of the guidance. The wind industry professional associations consider that these concerns can be overcome with some updating, and that others, mostly the             LPAs and the civic group consider that the guidance requires substantial revision.

Additionally, WSP conducted interviews with a few selected respondents that seems to have complicated the analysis and introduced an additional layer of topics. The report does not identify which stakeholders were interviewed or even how many out of the 31 were interviewed. 

In conducting these interviews to a likely small number of stakeholders in this way, WSP will have created an uneven playing field with either bias or perceived bias favouring the wind industry.

8.6 Likewise, the INWG raises further concerns:

It should be recognised that this stakeholder survey included 31 respondents of which only one, the INWG might be described as an ‘objector group’.  Almost all the issues raised by stakeholders to question 1.4 as discussed above came from the other 30 respondents. The  statement from these two wind industry professional associations ends with; “While we do not feel there is a need for new UK  wind turbine noise assessment guidance, any further modifications should include a panel of expert acousticians, wind farm, developers, government representatives and the IOA”.

It is therefore of further concern that the suggested panel fails to include audiologists, physicians or representatives of communities        negatively impacted by wind turbine noise.

This statement on page 162 and 163 by the wind industry would appear to be an unprofessional attempt to retain ETSU-R-97 as the official noise guidance and to prevent independent scrutiny.

8.7  In summary, INWG further question the standing and validity of the WSP report and recommendations:

When we delve into the report and identify the authors and stakeholders we see that central government, local government and the wind industry including their acousticians are the only participants other than the INWG.  Even the appointed ‘peer reviewer’ is one of the original authors of the ETSU-R-97 guidance and has been closely associated with the wind industry for over two decades. There being no other independent stakeholders identified and the INWG is aware of several unsolicited survey responses have not been acknowledged or included in the review.

It is concluded this review of ETSU-R-97 by WSP is biased throughout in its methodology and execution.

Also of note, INWG state:

On an earlier version of their website, WSP proudly claimed their experience with onshore wind projects stating, “We have a long track record supporting wind developers, utilities, funders and investors throughout the project life cycle.”

We also acknowledge, that the acoustician representing the applicant for the Carrick wind turbine proposal is directly associated with WSP.

Likewise, the acoustician representing the applicant for the Craiginmoddie wind turbine proposal, advises in the Hearing Statement Noise at Para 2.3:

I formed part of the peer review group when the UK Institute of Acoustics produced good practice guidance relating to wind farm noise assessment (the IOA GPG (CD012.002)) and I wrote one of the associated Supplementary Guidance Notes relating to data analysis (CD012.022).

 Furthermore, the acoustician representing the applicant for the Knockcronal wind turbine proposal is listed as a Member of the ESTSU -R 97 Working Group.

8.8  It is of concern that the Knockcronal Wind Farm Technical Appendix 10.1 Environmental Noise Assessment. – REVISION 4 – 15 NOVEMBER 2021 –  AUTHOR: MARK JIGGINS MSc MIOA;

Statement on page 2 is also of questionable veracity:

           “This document has been prepared for Statkraft UK Ltd only and solely for the purposes expressly defined herein.

We owe no duty of care to any third parties in respect of its content. Therefore, unless expressly agreed by us in signed writing, we hereby exclude all liability to third parties, including liability for negligence, save only for liabilities that cannot be so excluded by operation of applicable law. (emphasis added) 

How can this inquiry rely on any of the content of this document?

9. Who represented the medical community on the ETSU committee?

If no medical expertise was relied upon, why is ETSU-R-97 presumed to incorporate the protection of Public Health against wind turbine noise? ETSU-R-97 does not cover health effects that may arise due to wind turbine noise exposure therefore, how is it possible for the Inquiry Reporters to provide consent that will guarantee safeguards and protection to the public?

9.1 As highlighted by the INWG at Para 11.6 above, not only were there no representation or consideration of any potential health impacts by        the original ESTSU R 97 Working Group, as referenced in Rita Holmes Hearing Statement, (CD S S 7 H) Hunterston National Offshore        Wind Turbine Test Facility at Para 7.10:

Extract: Para 4.22 of the Craiginmoddie Hearing Statement – Noise:

The WSP BEIS report (CD012.015) considered a number of studies which investigated claimed links between adverse health symptoms and infrasound emissions from wind turbines. The report notes on page 116 that:

Overall, the findings from the existing evidence base indicate that infrasound from wind turbines at typical exposure levels has no direct adverse effects on physical or mental health, and reported symptoms of ill-health are more likely to be *psychogenic in origin. 

Note: Oxford Dictionary definition of *psychogenic – having a psychological origin or cause rather than a physical one.

9.2 The question, Rita Holmes also raises along with the INWG ‘s critique is substantive and requires addressing:

On what basis should medically unqualified acousticians, (as are the authors of the WSP BIES report) opinions on the health and wellbeing of affected residents, become accepted as statement of fact, on which large scale planning decisions are made?

9.3   Furthermore, Rita Holmes compelling experience and evidence, more than adequately respond to all of the misleading statements and references within the Craiginmoddie Noise Chapter and Hearing Statements or any other submissions by the other 2 applicant’s acousticians, in respect of the Hunterston Appeal decision. It is considered there is no need to discuss these further within this Noise Inquiry Report.

9.4 However, it is considered to be important to submit evidence in response to the Craiginmoddie Hearing Statement Para 7.5 copied below and any other references submitted to the inquiry, in respect of the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) position on noise impacts in relation to sleep disturbance and specifically wind turbine noise impacts, both at audible frequencies and at low frequencies.

7.5 Third party submissions made reference to a report produced by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2018 (CD012.032) which considered the potential health effects associated with a range of noise sources, road, rail, aircraft, leisure noise and wind turbine noise. The WHO report which was titled ‘Environment Noise Guidelines for the European Region’ (ENGER) made a series of ‘strong’ and ‘conditional’ recommendations for each noise source. 

 9.5 Details of the date and reference of The WHO Community Noise is extracted below:

In fact this extremely dated report published in 1999, states:

 Since 1980 WHO has addressed the problem of Community Noise. In 1992 the WHO regional office for Europe convened a task force which set up Guidelines for Community Noise presented in this document.

The Preface extract below, sets out the perimeters of the objectives of the guidelines.

9.6 The WHO 1999 Community Noise Guidance does not reference wind turbine noise. All other main sources of community noise are considered, including barking dogs. Indeed the extract below the Introduction does not identify Wind Turbines, as at that time there were very few turbines operating within quiet rural environments. However it is clear the WHO does raise the concern that the general population is increasingly exposed to community noise due to the sources mentioned. Specific effects to be considered include noise-induced hearing loss; sleep disturbance effects; cardiovascular and psycho-physiological effects; performance reduction effect etc;

However, it is abundantly clear that the WHO in 1999 recognised that sleep disturbance was and still is a fundamental concern, especially in quiet rural locations selected for hosting wind turbines which are exponentially increasing in size, as in these 3 applications.

9.7 It is also notable that the WHO state; Special attention should also be given to: noise sources in an environment with low background sound levels; combinations of noise and vibrations; and noise sources with low frequency components.  The question is then, why are the  wind industry acousticians constantly seeking to down play residents complaints and deny the health impacts from adversely impacted residents, especially those who suffer severe sleep disturbance?

 Can it really be the case that all other sources of noise nuisance from whatever source rightly needs to be addressed, but only wind turbine noise is benign and causes no ill effects?

This evidence from the WHO totally contradicts the unfounded claim by the WPS authors;

Overall, the findings from the existing evidence base indicate that infrasound from wind turbines at typical exposure levels has no direct adverse effects on physical or mental health, and reported symptoms of ill-health are more likely to be psychogenic in origin.  

9.8 To clarify, extracts from the updated WHO 2018 Noise Guidance are copied below:

“The current evidence on health outcomes related to wind turbine noise is unavailable, or of low/very low quality and mainly comes from cross-sectional studies. Methodologically robust longitudinal studies with large samples investigating the quantitative relationship between noise from wind turbines and health effects ARE NEEDED.”  (Emphasis added by report author).

It is abundantly clear completely independent scientific research free of any bias or predetermined out comes is desperately needed. It is imperative that local communities have full confidence in the transparent independence of the research.

Importantly, there is a significant step forward in an admission by WHO on Page 85 of the 2018 Guidance, that;

“Wind turbines can generate infrasound or lower frequencies of sound than traffic sources. However, few studies relating exposure to such noise from wind turbines to health effects are available.  It is also unknown whether lower frequencies of sound generated outdoors are  audible indoors, particularly when windows are closed”.

Both of these statement by WHO acknowledge there is a need for further studies and that wind turbines can generate infrasound, or lower frequencies of sound.

9.9 The WHO 2018 Guidance also stated:

“Wind turbine noise is characterized by a variety of potential moderators, which can be challenging to assess and have not necessarily been addressed in detail in health studies. As a result, there are serious issues with noise exposure assessment related to wind turbines.”;

          and further,

“The noise emitted from wind turbines has other characteristics, including the repetitive nature of the sound of the rotating blades and atmospheric influence leading to a variability of amplitude modulation, which can be a source of above average annoyance (Schäffer et al., 2016). This differentiates it from noise from other sources and has not always been properly Characterized.”.

Standard methods of measuring sound, most commonly including A-weighting, may not capture the low-frequency sound and amplitude modulation characteristic of wind turbine noise (Council of Canadian Academies, 2015).

It is clear from WHO statements that ETSU – R – 97, is not adequate to assess the full Characterisation of WTN, in this context Table  42 is informative  and identifies failures of adequate research and the ongoing consequences to the health and wellbeing of residents.

9.10 Comments in respect of Table 42:

                                Balance of benefits versus harms and burdens

Further work is required to assess fully the benefits and harms of exposure to environmental noise from wind turbines and to clarify whether the potential benefits associated with reducing exposure to environmental noise for individuals living in the vicinity of wind turbines outweigh the impact on the development of renewable energy policies in the WHO European Region.

WHO simply does not indicate (as repeatedly stated by all wind industry acousticians):

‘that there is no evidence that any infrasound/low frequency noise from wind turbines directly causes health impacts or can otherwise impact on the amenity of those living or working near wind turbines’. WHO consistently states further research work is needed.

Values and preferences

There is wide variability in the values and preferences of the population, with particularly strong negative attitudes in populations living in the vicinity of wind turbines.

9.11 Comment: The fundamental question that needs to be asked is, why is WHO reporting there is:

“particularly strong negative attitudes in populations living in the vicinity of wind turbines”?

This cannot and must not be explained away by wind turbine operators, by ignoring, or even denying that residents complaints are not substantive, or genuine or, that they may have been predisposed to complain, because they don’t like wind turbines due to campaign groups and media exposure or, are stressed because they objected to the consented development, or influenced by;  ‘non-acoustical factors’ , as has been unacceptably postulated in the 2016 WSP/Parsons Brinkerhoff AM Report to Government at Para 3.3.87.

9.12 WHO Identified Need and Implications for Further Research on Health Impacts from Wind Turbine Noise.

Paragraph 4.2 states:

Further research into the health impacts from wind turbine noise is needed so that better-quality evidence can inform any future public health recommendations properly. For the assessment of health effects from wind turbines, the evidence was either unavailable or rated low/very low quality. Recommendations for research addressing this priority are proposed in Table 53.

Extracts from Table 53 are copied below;

9.13 It is apparent the recommendations of WHO 2018 Noise Guidance has been largely ignored by the wind industry and policy/decision makers within Government. There are consistent calls by impacted residents whose complaints are not being addressed and resolved.

Table 53 particularly states:

“Research is needed into effects of exposure on children and adults living near sources of wind turbine noise”,

yet the wind industry acousticians as evidenced in the WSP BEIS report are deliberately avoiding this serious public health matter.

In addition, it is extremely concerning that whilst WHO specifically state:

Exposure to noise at a wide range of levels and frequencies (including low – frequency noise), with information on noise levels measured outdoors and indoors (particularly relevant for effects on sleep) at the residence is needed.

9.14 Compared with the WHO recommendations the INWG WSP critique (CD S S 8 ) confirms:

At page 116, WSP claim:

“Overall, the findings from the existing evidence base indicate that infrasound from wind turbines at typical exposure levels has no direct adverse effects on physical or mental health, and reported symptoms of ill-health are more likely to be psychogenic in origin”.

On what basis should medically unqualified acousticians, (as are the WSP authors) opinions on the health and  wellbeing of adversely affected residents, become accepted as a statement of fact, on which large scale planning decisions are made and on which government policy is determined?

9.14 Furthermore the WSP Report repeated at Par 3.1 – Statement of Agreed Matters is unacceptably fundamentally flawed by stating:

3.1 We note the WSP BEIS report considered the topics of infrasound and low frequency noise and the advice contained therein. Whilst it may be feasible to measure infrasound from wind turbines9, the current weight of evidence (see WSP BEIS report) indicates that wind turbine infrasound has no adverse effects on human health at typical exposure levels and that it is not necessary to consider wind turbine infrasound when determining development applications.

 Furthermore, assessment on the basis of ‘A’ weighted sound levels (the approach in the ETSU-R-97 assessment methodology) provides sufficient control over the potential impact of low frequency noise.

This statement is totally contradicted by the WHO which state:

Standard methods of measuring sound, most commonly including A-weighting, may not capture the low-frequency sound and amplitude modulation characteristic of wind turbine noise (Council of Canadian Academies, 2015).

9.15 The INWG WSP critique extract below, references the following:

Then at page 232, WSP are mischievously recommending that government make a position statement indicating that;

“infrasound from wind turbines at typical exposure levels has no direct adverse effects on health”.

These conclusions and recommendation are completely at odds with the evidence review findings by the INWG at Work Package 2.1, open here and more recent evidence, bringing to mind the age old saying; “The absence of evidence is not evidence of absence”.

and;

The INWG findings from 2015 are summarised in the WP 2.1 Executive Review at Para 5;

“The evidence regarding low frequency noise (LFN), a significant component of WTN including AM, is compelling. Despite the wind industry’s continual denial of the significance of LFN, the available evidence demonstrates conclusively that:

• LFN including infrasound is an integral component of WTN;
• Complaints regarding WTN currently classified as AM or EAM or OAM by the wind industry is an obfuscation of the true nature of the problem;
• Conditions giving rise to noise complaints are often characterised by ‘sensation’ as being the major form of disturbance. In some cases, the ‘noise’ may not even be audible;
• Noise measurement using the A weighting may be unsuitable for WTN where low frequency components are present;
• Noise measurements should be made inside homes when investigating noise complaints;
• Noise measurements where LFN is present should be made using suitable instrumentation. IEC 61672 compliant ‘Class 1’, instrumentation may be unsuitable for LFN measurement or where background noise levels are low as in typical rural areas.”

9.16 In conclusion: INWG’s critique (CD S S 8 ) provide substantive evidence to this Conjoined Inquiry and;

Following this review of the WSP report, the INWG make the following recommendations to Government, expanded below;

10. Our team has the expertise to challenge the Noise Environmental Impact Assessment (NIA) data submitted by the 3 Applicant’, with reference to ETSU standards.

Witness: William Leslie Huson BSc (Hons) MSc CPhys MInstP MIoA MAAS. Applied Physics, UK.

• Background: MSc Sound and Vibration Studies, Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Southampton, UK
• Certificate of Competence in Workplace Noise Assessment
• Member of the Institute of Physics, UK
• Affiliations: Chartered Physicist, UK
• Member of the Institute of Acoustics, UK
• Member of the Australian Acoustical Society
• Member of the AV003 and AV004 acoustics working groups for Standards Australia since 2001 (now combined into AV0001)

Australian representative for the International Institute of Noise Control Engineers (I-INCE) Technical Study Group 5 A GLOBAL APPROACH TO NOISE CONTROL POLICY  (Now disbanded after completion of the scope of work defining this group – see  http://www.i-ince.org/data/iince061.pdf)

• 44 years of professional acoustics consulting experience covering terrestrial and underwater acoustics in a wide range of industries with expertise in sound and vibration measurement, noise and vibration modelling and compliance assessments. I have experience as an expert witness at Planning Tribunals/Courts, in the High Court and have been invited to provide submissions to two Senate Inquiries.

10.1 Mr Huson states: (CD. SS1 .)

“The three noise impact assessment reports were prepared by separate companies on behalf of the respective proposed wind farm developments. The reports total some 171 pages and cross reference various technical issues and approaches, in part, between the authors. However, there are significant differences in terms of the choice for appropriate sound level targets for the purposes of assessing development compliance. Ambiguities exist and there are concerns over the validity of background sound level measurements that have been used to determine target noise limits for at least two of the proposed developments.

Once our report is prepared, that will highlight areas of concern in the noise impact assessments, then the Reporters will need sufficient time to explore the issues raised.

We still believe that a time allocation of 2 days for the subject of noise will not be sufficient to adequately explore the issues and request that the 2 day allocation be extended to 4 days.”

However, we note that the 3 applicant’s acousticians’ as referenced previously, have submitted a Statement of Agreed Matters Noise

10.2. In response to an appraisal of the WTN evidence to the Conjoined Inquiry, a summary of Mr Huson Expert Witness Statement is extracted below: (CD.SS5.)

SCOPE OF THIS REPORT.

22 The requested scope of this report is to complete a peer review of the Craiginmoddie, Carrick and Knockcronal Wind Farm applications (WIN 370-4, WIN 370-5 and WIN 370-6) and to express my own expert opinion as to whether the Applications should be granted in the terms sought by the proponent, given any noise/vibration issues I may identify.

23 The questions fall within my area of expertise and in preparing this report I have endeavoured for it to be complete and accurate.

GENERAL COMMENTS.

24 ETSU-R-97 and the subsequent IoA Good Practice Guide (GPG), that attempts to reduce the interpretation options within ETSU-R-97, are both under review by the UK Government.

25 Although the UK Government has yet to officially respond to a report by WSP on the issue of whether stakeholder parties consider a change to ETSU-R-97 warranted, the WSP report does advise the UK Government that both ETSU-R-97 and the GPG would benefit from further review and update.

26 ETSU-R-97 and the GPG remain open to interpretation and contain technical errors.

27 The Scottish Government has in Policy Statement 2022 recognised that the UK Government may require that ETSU-R-97        and the GPG may require updating, but in the meantime all wind farm development applications are required to follow current             guidance.

28 Given that there are questions raised about the future validity of ETSU-R-97, I submit that any interpretations of the current framework for assessing a wind farm development must err on the side of caution.

29  For example, the GPG acknowledges that a ground absorption factor, G, in section 4.3.4 “is commonly used, as it will tend to provide robust predictions in most situations” but also notes that the predictions can be too high. I also suggest that predictions can also be too low.

36  I recommend that  a cautious approach should be used in the noise modelling and that the models must be repeated with G=0 and a receiver height of 1.5m.

37 To gauge if more cautious noise model inputs will have any significant outcome for the proposed three wind farm                             developments it is simply a matter of adding 4 dB to all predicted sound levels.

38 Other corrections to ISO 9613-2 are suggested in the GPG for barrier attenuation from the terrain and for areas where a ‘valley’ effect occurs

39 Table 1 of Annex 4 in the TNEI report “Operational Noise Report, Craiginmoddie Wind Farm”, 18 March 2023 lists corrections due to the topographic barrier effect and ‘valley’ effect that were applied to the noise model outputs. A valley effect attracts a 3 dB penalty and a maximum of -2 dB terrain barrier attenuation is applied where necessary.  However, it is noted that where both effects apply that only the -2 dB correction was applied.  This is inconsistent with the GPG and a total of +1 dB correction should apply in these circumstances.

40 Table 1 of Annex 4 does not identify where both corrections apply but in these circumstances the predictions in accordance with the GPG are 3 dB too low.

Sound power level

44 The GPG suggests that test results that have a test uncertainty attached should account for expanded uncertainty which is 1.65 times the standard uncertainty of test results.

45 This means that the sound power levels for Hadyard Hill wind farm in the TNEI Craiginmoddie wind farm and Knockcronal wind farm noise predictions are approximately 1.6 dB too low when compared to the Carrick wind farm assessment of sound power levels.

46  It may appear pedantic to investigate details of one or two dB but these discrepancies become important when no margins of compliance are predicted for many dwellings, such as NAL1, NAL5, NAL7 and NAL9.

Background Sound Levels.

47 ETSU-R-97 uses Background sound levels to set the target noise limits applicable for a dwelling. Unrepresentative Background sound levels at integer wind speeds can lead to overly lax noise limits to the detriment of a resident.

10.3  Comment: Paragraphs’ 48 – 58 raise numerous failures in assessment methodology, due to a lack of data and inconsistencies in the application of the available data. For example:

52 I have reviewed raw wind speed and noise data used in the Knockcronal assessment and found that the LiDAR and SODAR data regularly missed measurements and cannot be relied upon to meet the measurement requirements of the GPG.  The GPG Supplementary Guidance Note 1, section 2.6 cautions about the limitations of LiDAR and SODAR wind speed measurements.

53 No details have been provided on the accuracy of the LiDAR and SODAR systems deployed.

54 The Background data used from the Hadyard Hill Extension wind farm development used a met mast at Hadyard Hill that did not represent wind speed at the Craiginmoddie wind farm site and an attempt has been made to correct this using a process described in Annex 3 of the TNEI report of 18 March 2023.  Unfortunately, original survey data was unavailable and Annex 3 does not provide the extent of uncertainty associated with the methods of correction employed or if the method ultimately complies with the accuracy requirements of the GPG.

55 Background survey data obtained whilst other wind farms were operating nearby are described in the Knockcronal and Carrick wind arm noise reports.  These reports have applied wind direction filtering to investigate the contributions from the nearest operating wind farms and conclude that they have no influence on the Background data recorded.  I disagree.

56 For example, Genoch Cottage has had noise predictions made solely for the influence of the nearest wind farm that is Dersalloch. The optimistically predicted sound level at Genoch Cottage is 30.3dBA at a wind speed of 8 m/s.  The measured ‘Background’ level at 8 m/s was 33.4 dBA during the quiet daytime and 32.7 dBA at night.  Clearly, one would expect that the Dersalloch wind farm will influence Background sound levels measured at Genoch Cottage when it operates.  The operating status of the Dersalloch wind farm at the time of the survey was not provided.

57 If one were to follow the GPG of allowing corrections for Background then the true Background at 8 m/s for the quiet daytime would become 33.4 dB – 30.3 dB which translates to 30.3 dB using logarithmic subtraction.

58 Correction for the true Background at night at Genoch Cottage is not possible due to the arithmetic difference being only 2.4 dB, but t can be expected that the long-term average ‘Background’ noise level measured is dominated by sound from the Dersalloch wind farm.

10.4  Noise Sensitive Receptors (NSR) – Paragraphs 59 – 65.

59 The three noise assessments acknowledge in the Statement of Agreed Matters, 21 March 2023, that only a sample of dwellings in the area surrounding the proposed wind farms have been assessed, but that these are representative to assess if the three projects should be approved.

60 However, ETSU-R-97 target noise limits are suggested to protect sleep and the outdoor target noise level of 43 dB was determined after assuming a noise reduction correction for sound outdoors to indoors in a bedroom with an acceptable target sound level in the bedroom of 30 dBA, Leq.

61 Temporary accommodation such as a motel would be considered a NSR but so would a camp site.

62 The target outside noise limit to protect sleep for a tent will be the same as the indoor sleep protection level because a tent does not attenuate sound significantly.

63 I have briefly checked online for camping and caravan sites in the area and note that the area does have camping sites. For example; The Walled Garden Caravan and Camping Park near Kilkerran (30 U, 394361 E, 6128996 N).

64 This NSR would attract a target base noise limit of 30 dBA, Leq or 28 dBA, L90 in accordance with ETSU-R-97, and an assessment of noise impact for such places should be included in each of the three wind farm proposals.

65  I consider that tourists using camping and caravanning sites in the area will be adversely affected.

10.5  INFRASOUND, ( Para’s 66 -77) LOW FREQUENCY SOUND ( Para’s 78 – 87) AND VIBRATION – (Para’s 88 – 92.)

66  Measurements of infrasound emissions at the Macarthur wind farm are described in Huson (2015).  I found that overall infrasound levels below 8 Hz changed little for the V112-3MW wind turbines, which are smaller than the candidate wind turbines proposed for this Project, when the wind farm was completely shutdown from maximum power generation in high winds to a standstill in the same winds due to a substation fault.

67 Indoor Measurements were also shown in this paper for the wind turbine off/on (start-up) operation at Cape Bridgewater.  At Cape Bridgewater the wind turbines are smaller and the residual infrasound was not so apparent when the turbines stopped rotating. The overall infrasound level below 6Hz increased by over 20 dB after start-up of the Cape Bridgewater wind turbines. This finding shows a very large and noticeable increase in the wind turbine blade passing frequency signature and has no equal in the ambient infrasound environment near to the coast or inland.

68 Accordingly, I disagree with Section 3 of the Statement of Agreed Matters, 21 March 2023 regarding infrasound from wind turbines being comparable to the normal ambient environment and that A-weighted sound levels present sufficient control over the potential impact of low frequency noise.

69 The issue associated with the larger wind turbines is that they emit resonant infrasound tones in the presence of wind even when they are not rotating.  This makes it impossible to assess the ambient infrasound levels around the wind farms until after they are decommissioned and removed.  I presume that the same will apply for the candidate wind turbines used as examples in the three wind farms of this conjoined inquiry. (emphasis added)

70 If ambient infrasound levels are deemed to be important it would be wise to collect samples before construction of the proposed developments, so that ambient infrasound measurements can be compared to when the developments are operational.

71 The effects of infrasound from wind turbines on health have yet to be evaluated properly, a situation that the latest World Health Organisation recommendations on noise recognises.  The Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and the findings of a Senate Committee Inquiry: “The social and economic impact of rural wind farms” June 2011 have reached the same conclusion and a tender with a value of AU$3,300,000 has recently been let by the NHMRC to conduct such missing research into the possible link between wind farm generated infrasound and health.  The research project was awarded to universities in NSW and SA. The researchers have yet to produce a final report of their findings.

72 This research is ongoing and one of the published papers in 2019 by researchers at Flinders University (Nguyen, D. P., Hansen, K. et al. Wind farm infrasound delectability and its effects on the perception of wind farm noise amplitude modulation, Acoustics 2019) stated in its conclusions that: “Overall these preliminary results suggest that WF noise complaints could potentially be governed to some degree by the presence of infrasound” and that “ We found that self-reported noise sensitive individuals can detect the presence of low-level infrasound (48 ± 2 dB(G)) above chance.”

73 The finding that infrasound at levels of 48 +/- 2 dB(G) can be observed by individuals is in stark contrast to the generally used limit of perception, which suggest that a conservative human perception threshold of 85 dB(G) might be appropriate to account for variations in sensitivity of human hearing.

77 The issue of adverse health effects from wind farm generated infrasound remains contentious and this Inquiry may wish to consider an appropriate condition if the ongoing Australian, or other relevant international research, finds adverse health effects from infrasound.

78 Footnote 9 in the Statement of Agreed Matters, 21 March 2023 refers to infrasound from wind turbines and suggests that measurements of infrasound must comply with the sound level meter standard IEC 61672-2:2013+AMD1:2017.  This IEC standard is totally unsuitable for the type approval of infrasound measurement instrumentation because it is designed only for the audible frequency range and has an acceptable tolerance of +3dB to minus infinity at 10 Hz for Class 1 sound level meters. (emphasis added)

                        Low Frequency Noise

78 The Statement of Agreed Matters, 21 March 2023, does not consider low frequency sound or infrasound from the proposed three wind farms to be of any concern, citing the WSP BEIS report for its information.

79 However, measured tones around 14 Hz inside a home 2km from two MM82 2MW wind turbines, that are caused by the wind turbines, are accentuated by room resonances (Huson, 2015).

80 The owners have vacated this recently built brick veneer property citing unacceptable health problems believed to be caused by the two wind turbines.

81 Low frequency noise can be generated by a wind turbine. It is not uncommon for a generator input shaft rotation tone to be modulated by the blade pass frequency of the rotor.

82 Recent measurements (2022) of a wind farm comprising Vestas V136 4.2 MW wind turbines exhibit tonal audible characteristics around 150 Hz. This frequency is within the frequency range of DEFRA NAN-R45 and would also qualify as a tonal penalty for measurements outside in accordance with ETSU-R-97.

83 Compliance noise measurements were taken at a wind farm with Vestas V126 3.6 MW wind turbines. The measurements showed onality, which means there were specific tones that were present. Despite the manufacturer’s assurance during the planning phase that the wind turbines would not exhibit these tones, the measurements revealed that they did. As a result, penalties were necessary for the observed measurements at the nearby dwellings. The tones observed were present in the low frequency range covered by DEFRA-NAN-R45 and were also observed outside the dwellings in accordance with the ETSU-R-97 measurement methodology that would qualify for an added tonal penalty.

85 The use of A-weighted sound levels for the assessment of a wind farm will not quantify infrasound or low frequency noise impacts correctly.

86 Unfortunately, low frequency sound and infrasound are a common feature of modern wind turbines.

87 I recommend that a condition requiring compliance with DEFRA NAN-R-45 (recommended indoor levels of low frequency sound) be adopted for these wind farm developments at any NSR to protect occupants from excessive low frequency sound, that is known to be caused by some wind turbines.

89 However, it has been postulated by Kelly (1982) that lightweight building structures can be excited by infrasound pressure from     wind turbines and can be one of the major causal agents responsible for the annoyance of nearby residents. Part of the conclusions in Kelly’s paper follows: “In this paper we have presented evidence to support the hypothesis that one of the major causal agents responsible for the annoyance of nearby residents by wind turbine noise is the excitation of highly resonant structural and air volume modes by the coherent, low frequency sound radiated by large wind turbines. Further, there is evidence that the strong resonances found in the acoustic pressure field within rooms actually measured indicates a coupling of subaudible energy to human body resonances at 5, 12 and 17-25 Hz, resulting in a sensation of whole-body vibration. The audible sounds indoors associated with the impulsive excitation of the structure appear to be due to the coupling of energy from the higher frequency discrete bands in the impulse to higher frequency room resonances related to the air volume itself.”

90 My own measurements of infrasound inside residences near Macarthur and Cape Bridgewater show infrasound pressure levels similar to those measured by Kelly in 1982. Infrasound causing whole-body vibration is a plausible explanation for the commonly reported symptoms described by residents living near to wind farms.

91 Huson (2015) also covers the propagation of infrasound so that the ‘vibration’ experienced in homes by people near a large wind farm can be estimated. Infrasound levels can vary significantly over a short time period (seconds) depending upon the phase relationships between each turbine rotor and with local wind speed variations.

92 Infrasound measurements from a residence located 5.4km away from the nearest turbines in the Macarthur array of 140 V112-3MW units and 1.3km away demonstrate very little infrasound attenuation in the near field and that the infrasound levels at this distance (5.4km) are comparable to those reported by Kelly(1982).

AUDIBLE CHARACTERISTICS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ETSU-R-97

            Tones

93 It is notable that the proposed candidate wind turbines are assumed not to emit tonal sound.

94 In my experience many wind turbines do emit tonal sound and in the absence of test results proving otherwise then an appropriate     penalty should be added to any noise prediction.

Amplitude Modulation (AM)         (Paragraphs 95 – 123 Including figures.)

95 ETSU-R-97 incorrectly addressed amplitude modulation and made a sweeping assumption that such a characteristic was rare in                  modern wind farms. This is not the case and it is now recognised that amplitude modulation is the most significantly intrusive sound  characteristic of wind turbines.

96 The GPG refers in section 7.2 to ongoing research. Since the publication of the GPG there has been much ongoing research and           amplitude modulation is known to be a significant concern for residents near modern wind farms.

123 If approved, I suggest that Condition 20 of the Denbrook Wind Farm be included as a condition for each of the three wind farms t      that are the subject of this inquiry.

                        NOISE PREDICTIONS (Para’s 124 -136) Highlights methodology failures in prediction assessments for all three applications.

124 Without an understanding of the uncertainty of measurement and limitations of equipment and models, apparently detailed             technical analysis work can lead to misleading conclusions.

125 No uncertainty analysis has been included in the three wind farm applications.

SUBSTATIONS

137 The treatment of these issues is acceptable in the applications. However, substation noise emissions can cause room                           resonances that could disturb neighbours.

138 If the DEFRA NAN-R-45 recommended indoor low frequency noise targets are applied in conditions for the ongoing operations of    the Project for all sound sources (with the exception of short-term construction activities) then adverse impacts from room resonance      effects can be managed.

WIND SPEED DATA

139 Wind speed data accounts for half of all the data required to assess a wind farm using ETSUR-97. 140 Wind speed data used for        the assessment of Background noise levels for the Craiginmoddie and Knockcronal Wind Farms are suspect and do not comply with the GPG.

140 Wind speed data used for the assessment of Background noise levels for the Craiginmoddie and Knockcronal Wind Farms are            suspect and do not comply with the GPG.

141The ETSU-R-97 evaluation process requires an accurate synchronisation of each 10-minute Background sound level to be compared with wind speed which is representative of that on the wind farm site where the nearest wind turbines are proposed to be constructed to a NSR.

142 Background data for the Carrick wind farm application has used the correct evaluation process, but there are concerns that the     results have been influenced by sound from other operating wind farms nearby.

143 The Knockcronal wind farm application has used suspect wind speed LiDAR and SODAR data that is not robust and may not              comply with the accuracy requirements of the GPG.

144 The Craiginmoddie wind farm application has used wind speed data from an unrepresentative location on another wind farm and  attempted to correct this data.

145 The correction process is not part of ETSU-R-97 or the GPG and in all probability will exceed the required tolerance for wind               speed data that is +/-0.2 m/s in the wind speed range from 4m/s to 12 m/s.

SUMMARY OF OPINIONS  Para’s 146 -163  Listing non compliance with ESTU – R 97 & GPG – concluding at Para 163.

146 The three wind farms have a zero margin of compliance with ETSU-R-97 when operating together.

163 In consideration of the above concerns, the project target noise limits of ETSU-R-97 will not be met and the conjoined projects should not be granted approval.

11. In respect of Amplitude Modulation.

11.1 We will submit substantive and material evidence both written and orally at the Inquiry, which will challenge and contest the unsustainable  position of the applicants, which put at risk the health and wellbeing of affected residents and the local community.

We will substantively contest the position statements within the following NIA’s:

Carrick Wind Farm. Environmental Impact Assessment Volume 1. 9.3 Consultation. Para 91 Table 5. Extract:

            Wind turbine low frequency noise, infrasound and excess amplitude modulation.  

“It was agreed that the assessment of wind turbine low frequency noise and infrasound should be scoped out of the assessment on the basis that guidance referenced by Scottish Planning Policy that there is no evidence of health effects arising from infrasound or low frequency noise generated by wind turbines”.

It was also agreed that an assessment of excess amplitude modulation could be scoped out on the basis that guidance referenced Scottish Planning Policy found low incidents of AM and the numbers of people adversely affected in the UK.

This statement is found to be unsound, reference Mr Huson’s Evidence at Para 95 & 96.

95 ETSU-R-97 incorrectly addressed amplitude modulation and made a sweeping assumption that such a characteristic was rare in modern wind farms. This is not the case and it is now recognised that amplitude modulation is the most significantly intrusive sound characteristic of wind turbines.

96 The GPG refers in section 7.2 to ongoing research. Since the publication of the GPG there has been much ongoing research and amplitude modulation is known to be a significant concern for residents near modern wind farms.

The INWG state:

• Complaints regarding WTN currently classified as AM or EAM or OAM by the wind industry is an obfuscation of the true nature of the problem;

This statement in respect of Infrasound & Low Frequency Noise has been robustly challenged throughout this report, including in Mr Huson’s expert witness report which states:

154 Low frequency sound is not considered separately in ETSU-R-97 and I propose that a condition be included in a permit, if approved, to assess low frequency noise in accordance with DEFRA-NAN-R45.

155 Infrasound remains an area of contention and any permit for wind farm developments should include a provision that; if it is demonstrated that infrasound from wind farms have an adverse effect on health that the wind farms must comply with such infrasound     level limits that prevent adverse health effects.  (emphasis added)

Furthermore, Mr Huson at Para’s 68 -69 & 70 concludes;

68 Accordingly, I disagree with Section 3 of the Statement of Agreed Matters, 21 March 2023 regarding infrasound from wind turbines being comparable to the normal ambient environment and that A-weighted sound levels present sufficient control over the potential impact of low frequency noise.

69 The issue associated with the larger wind turbines is that they emit resonant infrasound tones in the presence of wind even when they are not rotating. This makes it impossible to assess the ambient infrasound levels around the wind farms until after they are decommissioned and removed. I presume that the same will apply for the candidate wind turbines used as examples in the three wind farms of this conjoined inquiry.

70 If ambient infrasound levels are deemed to be important it would be wise to collect samples before construction of the proposed developments, so that ambient infrasound measurements can be compared to when the developments are operational.

It is of note that evidence of baseline acoustic Soundscape monitoring is submitted as an integral part of our Inquiry Report –        Reference IARO Conjoined Inquiry Report (CD S S 9.)

12. Craiginmoddie Wind Farm.

Environmental Impact Assessment Report – Volume I Chapter 10: Noise  Wood on behalf of Energiekontor UK Ltd | December 2020   22

Amplitude Modulation

10.70 The RenewableUK research programme on amplitude modulation (AM) has concluded³ that high levels of AM can occasionally be heard at long distances from turbines.  While the mechanisms of EAM are well documented, an industry consensus on a methodology for its prediction is yet to be reached. It is noted that at this time Government advice towards the assessment of EAM has not changed from that included within the ETSU-R-97 Guidance, which indicates no specific consideration for EAM is required and no planning condition is necessary.

Yet again, this statement is challenged by  Mr Huson at Para 156;

156 Excess amplitude modulation has been shown to be common near modern wind farms but prediction of this form of SAC is currently not possible. If the wind farms are permitted then a condition should be included in any Permit that provides an appropriate limit for amplitude modulation. Such a condition is already in force at the Denbrook Wind Farm as Condition 20 and this should be included for each of the proposed wind farms, and be renumbered appropriately.  (emphasis added)

12.1 Knockcronal Wind Farm.

Technical Appendix 10.1 – Environmental Noise Assessment.  Revision 4 – 15 November 2021 author: Mark Jiggins                                 MSC MIOA.

5.9 Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Amplitude Modulation

5.9.1 Low frequency noise and vibration resulting from the operation of wind farms are issues that have been attracting a certain amount of attention over recent years. Consequently, Annex A includes a detailed discussion of these topics. In summary of the information provided therein, the current recommendation is that ETSU-R-97 should continue to be used for the assessment and rating of operational noise from wind farms.

5.9.2 Annex A also discusses the most recently published research on the subject of wind turbine blade swish Amplitude Modulation (or AM). A penalty-type approach to account for instances of increased AM outside of what is expected from ‘normal’ blade swish has been proposed. This approach is a consequence of the combined results of this research and, in particular, the development by the IOA of an objective technique for identifying and quantifying AM noise, as well as a review of the subjective response to AM noise by a Government-commissioned research group. Some uncertainty remains at this stage over the application of such a penalty and this will be subject to a period of testing and review over the next few years.

Mr Huson’s expert witness report at Paragraphs 95 – 123 – Including figures provide a detailed and informative analysis of Amplitude        Modulation.

13. Craiginmoddie in its hearing statement refer to evidence from a newly published Australian Report:

4.23 Since the publication of the WSP BEIS report, the study that was granted funding by NHMRC (the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia) was published in the Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP) journal which is published by the United States National Institute of Environmental Health. The study (CD012.039) aimed to test the effect of exposure to 72 hours of infrasound (designed to simulate a wind turbine infrasound signature5) exposure on human physiology, particularly sleep.

The study concluded that:

‘Our findings did not support the idea that infrasound causes WTS6. High level, but inaudible, infrasound did not appear to perturb any physiological or psychological measure tested in these study participants.’

The IARO team considered this study and questioned the “spectrum” on the left has insufficient resolution to determine if there are harmonic peaks.

Further it is not clear how the time domain signal is generated, The measured spectrum alone (right hand side figures) is insufficient to  generate the time domain signal.  It tells us only that the signal is periodic, at the ~1Hz frequency.  Further the (signal) power is all in the fundamental frequency and its multiples (harmonics) 2 Hz, 3 Hz, etc.

To reconstruct the signal from the spectrum, the phase information is required for each harmonic component.  The phase determines whether the time domain signal is a square wave, triangular, or some other variant.  Many wave shapes are possible using a “harmonic synthesizer”.

The proper test is to use a real turbine pulse, measured in the field.

Also we should to compare the scientific validity of the methodology of this study against the study below (CD S S 10 .)

REPORT ON ICPE COMPLAINTS FROM THE FRENCH AISNE AREA SUBMITTED BY THE NGO ‘SOS DANGER EOLIEN’ JL REMOUIT – V BERNARDEAU version V2 November 2022:

The purpose of this document is to present the results of a health survey on the effects of wind farms carried out by the French association SOS Danger Eolien in the department of Aisne.

ICPEs, Installations Classified for the Protection of the Environment, of which wind farms are a part and specifically governed by legislation. A reminder of the framework is specified at the beginning of the note. After developing the ICPE survey in a geographical area around the town of Marle, the association filed 250 complaints with the local Prefecture, which followed up on anexamination of the cases by the ARS (Regional Health Agency).

This divided the symptoms into three classes, the wind syndrome which we called neurological, tumors and cancers, endocrinological effects to which we added the cardiac effects observed. The ARS considered that only the wind syndrome was relevant given the number of occurrences. The fact remains that we show that beyond the proportion of patients who, out of fear, do not dare to sign a complaint, beyond the proportion of the population sampled, we conclude that for the most affected villages the proportion of patients exceeds 60% of the population.

14. Scientific evidence is accumulating from all over the world evidencing that inaudible low frequency noise and vibration is contributing to the misery being experienced by affected residents. These residents being a rural based minority are least able to mount the expensive legal challenges to the acoustic intrusions into their lives.

Our team Includes Professor Mariana Alves Pereira Professor Degree in Physics, Masters in Biomedical Engineering and Doctoral in Environmental Sciences who will give evidence on the contents of the IARO Conjoined Inquiry report. (CD S S 9)

The IARO Report for the Conjoined Public Inquiry Concerning: WIN 370-4 Craiginmoddie Wind Farm, Dailly, South Ayrshire, KA26              WIN 370-5 Carrick Wind Farm, South Ayrshire, KA19  WIN 370-6 Knockcronal Wind Farm, Knockcronal, Straiton, South Ayrshire,  KA19.

A summary of the report:

1. Craiginmoddie, Carrick and Knockcronal Wind Power Plants (WPPs) are currently being proposed for South Ayrshire.
2. High-resolution recordings of low-frequency sound and infrasound were obtained at several locations near these proposed WPPs.
3. The purpose of these recordings was to document the baseline Soundscape prior to, and in anticipation of, a formal consent for these proposed WPPs.
4. The presence or absence of existing Wind Turbine Acoustic Signatures (WTAS) was determined for each of the locations and their likely sources are indicated.
5. The following locations are already subjected to WTAS from several other, WPPs: Knockskae Cottage, Glenalla Farm, Little Garroch, Glengennet, Tairlaw House, Glenhead, and Barnfield.
6. A further WTAS source, with a BPF at or above 1 Hz, affected Knockskae Cottage, Glenalla Farm, Little Garroch, Glengennet, Glenhead and Barnfield. Its source could not be identified.
7. All locations affected by this unknown source were also affected by a 20-hertz tone, also of unknown origin.

And our goal is:

8. Acoustical monitoring of the baseline soundscape in vicinity of the proposed Craiginmoddie, Carrick and Knockcronal WPPs in anticipation that consent may be granted.

14.1. SAM not only gathers the data in WAV files to be analysed by the IARO team, but it allows us through DAT files to compare the acoustic environment in the field in different weightings including A Weighting, used by acousticians and the wind industry based on a complicated logarithm calculation as stated in ETSU-R-97,  and Unweighted data which just shows the full untampered acoustic environment – i.e. what acoustic energy is present at any one time.

14.2 Acousticians normally work with A-weighted sound as this is supposed to align with the human hearing system. In this system the level of each frequency is adjusted to account for the fact that humans are not equally sensitive to all frequencies.

Two examples from a home close to an operational RES development, show the effect of this method on analyses in the infrasound and low-frequency parts of the sound spectrum.

The following figure shows a spectrogram with each frequency band 1/3 of an octave wide. Figure 14: from the IARO report page 22: Spectrogram in ⅓ octaves for the Blue microphone from Glenhead from 23:50H 4 January 2023. Unweighted (pink) and A-weighted (red). The total energy is shown in the final bar on the right.

• Natural Infrasound versus Infrasound from Industrial Wind Turbines

Sound is created by a series of troughs and peaks in air pressure. The frequency or pitch of the sound is measured by the number of peaks that arrive in each time interval. For audible noise the peaks arrive closer together than in infrasound, which is why we can hear it. The distance between peaks, the wavelength, is in the order of centimetres. Humans hear well at 3000Hz (3000 peaks per second). Babies cry at 3500Hz.

To protect against a noise the thickness of a barrier must be at least in the same order as the wavelength. This would be centimetres for audible noise, which is achievable. But at 20 Hz the wavelength is 17 metres, so we do not have the means of creating a barrier of sufficient thickness to protect from the lower frequencies. Consequently, low frequency sound will travel through objects and may cause them to resonate in response to the sound stimulation as well.

It is often asserted by the wind industry that infrasound generated by IWT is no different to that found in urban or natural environments.

There is a clear difference when comparing the natural acoustic environment of the ocean, (Sonogram of Romo Beach, Denmark on    13th December 2016 seen on the left) with the figure of a residence close to Dersalloch where the acoustical output of the operational            IWT is captured as a mathematical pattern (see IARO analysis).

The time scale of the peaks associated with the IWT acoustic signature are of a different time scale than the peaks associated with natural phenomena.

Harmonic series with fundamental acoustic signatures as seen at most of the homes in the vicinity of the three applications dominate the   harmonic analysis (peaks with red dots) and the horizontal lines in the sonograms – CD S S 9 ….. V paragraphs 68-75 and Figures 12 and 13

The fact the peaks associated with the IWT acoustic signature occur in a mathematical sequence with a blade pass frequency indicates that this can only be originating from a human-made machine, and not Nature. This is confirmed by looking at the shape of the sound waves, which shows a train of pulses (dips) at the blade-pass frequency.

• Here we see two screen shots below of SAM recording data: Figures 1 (left) and 2 (Right) from 04.20pm – 04.30am on 4^th January 2023 at Glenhead close to Straiton. Figure 1 shows the acoustic environment when only A weighting is used to examine the data. It shows very low levels of audible noise and nothing in the lower frequencies. Figure 2 is same recording data measurements unweighted showing the full acoustic environment at this location. We can see high levels of acoustic data in the lower frequencies (this could be from Dersalloch wind power plant) compared to low levels of noise in the audible ranges. This can be observed in the field on site visits to already impacted properties.

15. The following published, peer reviewed Chapter (CD S S 11 ) and Whitepaper (CD S S 12 ) explains more about what this data tells us:

     Chapter Infrasound Exposure: High-Resolution Measurements Near Wind Power Plants.

Huub Bakker, Mariana Alves-Pereira,      Richard Mann, Rachel Summers and Philip Dickinson.

The Abstract, introduction and conclusion have been included here, but it is essential that the Reporters read the whole chapter.

Abstract

     This chapter focuses on infrasonic (20 Hz) noise exposure as captured in and around homes located in the vicinity of wind power plants. Despite persistent noise complaints by local residents, no satisfactory acoustical event has yet been identified to justify this troublesome (worldwide) situation. Continuous (days), high-resolution recordings—spectral segmentation of 1/36 of an octave and 1- second temporal increments—  have been acquired in many homes across the world revealing the presence of wind turbine acoustic signatures. These consist of trains of airborne pressure pulses, identified in the frequency domain as harmonic series with the fundamental frequency equal to that of the blade-pass frequency of the wind turbine. This report documents three such cases (Portugal and Scotland). The highest peaks of the wind turbine acoustic signature (up to 25 dB over background noise) occurred within the 0.5–5 Hz window which is classically defined as below the human hearing threshold; and yet these ‘inaudible’ phenomena appear to trigger severe biological reactions. Based on the prominence of the peaks in the harmonic series, a new measure is proposed for use in determining dose–response relationships for infrasonic exposures. This new methodology may be applicable to infrasonic exposures in both environmental and occupational settings.

Introduction

Hearing loss, speech intelligibility and noise annoyance are some of the most studied impacts of noise exposures on human health and well-being. A common denominator of these three outcomes is the audibility of the sound. Exposure to loud noise over extended periods of time can cause hearing impairment; noisy environments can interfere with the correct understanding of speech; and certain types of continuous or intermittent sounds can cause people to feel annoyed by noise, which can, in turn, exacerbate underlying disorders or diseases. There are, however, additional features of sonic environments that are unrelated to the human audibility of sound, but that can also deleteriously affect human health and well-being, specifically, infrasound (20 Hz).

Conclusions

This chapter provides a different approach to the measurement and analysis of infrasound in and around homes located in the proximity of wind power plants. Examples show how using higher temporal- and spectral-resolutions (1 second and 1/36 of an octave), and without any frequency weighting, can reveal acoustical features in the infrasonic range that may indicate a causal relationship with self-reported medical symptoms. This possibility is usually considered non-existent since the infrasonic range is generally viewed as inaudible, and thus innocuous, to humans. The suggestion therefore arises that current noise protection procedures are insufficient to protect public and occupational health. The approach used by these authors offers a more solid framework with which to pursue the establishment of dose–response relationships for infrasonic exposures. Future studies are being extended into noisy occupational environments and different environmental settings where wind power is not the acoustic source.

16. The White Paper. (CD.SS12.)

Preamble Harmonic series are rare in nature. They are far more commonly associated from human activity. This paper looks at several measures that can be calculated from harmonic series, more specifically those that can be calculated from the frequency spectrogram of a recording.

Two separate classes of metrics are considered; those that deal with the SPL of the series and those that deal with the prominence of the series above the sound background.

The definition of prominence for these metrics comes from the Matlab  function ‘findpeaks,’ which returns a list of peaks from (in this case) the 1/36th-octave, narrow-band-filter frequency spectrum of a sound file. The prominence of these peaks is defined as part of this function  and reproduced in the appendix.

17. It is the responsibility of the wind industry and their acousticians to prove beyond doubt that their turbines will not cause unacceptable levels of environmental acoustic pollution: Statements in the Craiginmoddie hearing Report such as:

4.25 In relation to the need to control LFN, the WSP BEIS report (CD012.015) states, on page 129, that:

‘controls on A-weighted wind turbine sound levels are expected to be sufficient to control the effects of low frequency noise.’

do not make common sense, let alone any scientific sense.

18. Evidence from our scientific independent monitoring in this area demonstrate that there is already significant acoustic immissions from the operational wind turbines impacting residences. Reference Table 2  from the IARO report (CD.SS9) below.

The conclusions from the noise monitoring in the IARO report:

High-resolution recordings of low-frequency sound and infrasound from several locations in the Barr/Straiton area, and subsequent     analyses, indicate that the following locations are already subjected to WTAS from several WPPs: Knockskae Cottage R1, Glenalla Farm R2, Little Garroch R3, Glengennet R6, Tairlaw House R4, Glenhead R5, and Barnfield R7.

A further WTAS source, with a BPF at or above 1 Hz, affected Knockskae Cottage, Glenalla Farm, Little Garroch, Glengennet,    Glenhead and Barnfield. Its source could not be identified.

All locations affected by this unknown source were also affected by a 20-hertz tone, also of unknown origin.                                                   No sign of WTAS or a pervasive tone were identified High Tralorg R8 or Glenapp Castle. In the former the recording period was too short   to suggest that the absence was typical.

19. The separation distances to the nearest properties is a matter of material significance.

‘The term ‘residential amenity’ (CD S S 13 ) refers to the living conditions at a house, including its gardens and domestic curtilage’.                         There are 685 households registered in the areas of Straiton, Barr, Dailly and Crosshill and impacts on homes depend on location and topography. The Noise receptors selected by the wind operators consider their location choices to be representative, but they are often as a result of desk top studies without timeless local knowledge or experience.

The 3 applicant’s NIA reports frequently conclude that; in no case would effects be of such nature and / or magnitude that it             potentially affects living conditions at any property to the point it becomes an unattractive place to live, when judged objectively in the public interest.”

            (It is notable that in virtually all NIA’s submitted by applicants this conclusion is reached, when in reality these assessments can be found to be fundamentally flawed, as in the Blary Hill wind turbine noise case in Argyll & Bute, which has caused immense harm and distress to the adversely impacted residents and was approved by the Chief Reporter based on the residential amenity assessment.)

19.1 The Maps below illustrates the enormous impact these 200m turbines will have on the villages of Straiton, Barr and Dailly as the Wind turbine acoustic sound power propagation funnels along the valleys towards these villages from these wind power plants. The natural river valleys of the Girvan and the Stinchar and their tributaries form valleys with steep sides as these rivers are close to their source in these locations.

19.2 Installed and proposed Wind Power Plants Glengennet to Knockskae illustrates how Glenella will become inhabitable as all valleys lead to Glenella in this isolated beautiful location in the middle of these applications. Glenella will be uninhabitable if these turbines are consented as the acoustic sound power waves propagate around Glenella from the different wind power plants.

19.3 Installed and Proposed Wind Power Plants near Barr illustrates how the Stinchar Valley, Milton Burn and Pingerrach Burn will carry the acoustic waves towards the village of Barr to the south and towards Dailly and Wallacetown to the north.

19.4 Installed and Proposed Wind Power Plants Daily to Straiton illustrates the gorge formed by the Girvan Valley towards Straiton which will force the acoustic waves to follow this direction towards homes, schools and rural businesses. The steep sides of Cawin Burn also focus the acoustic waves towards Knockskcae and other rural homes in the Straiton area.

19.5 .Extracts from witness statements: (CD S S 14.)

This Knockcronal wind farm proposal results in all three of the above effects from the scale of the proposal and the oppressive and intrusive feelings induced on my home and its curtilage that result in my home suffering significant overbearing impact on its residential amenity to the point where it will become uninhabitable.

We already get the noise from Dersalloch when the wind is from the north east. It is a low sound but makes sleep difficult.                The prevailing wind is from the south and west so they would get the full impact of the Carrick and Knockcronal turbines.

I’m a man who likes a bit of peace and quiet having worked for 40 odd years in a very noisy industry, I chose South West Scotland to retire to because it offered all the requirements I was looking for. Somewhere a bit out of the way of the rest of the world and at the same time exquisitely beautiful. This was some years ago.

Recently, I walked to the top of the  Merrick to see the view of wind turbines across Galloway. A paradise for turbine lovers. Last week I walked up Tinto in Lanarkshire on a very busy Good Friday to be greeted with a similar view of wind turbines. Again, a paradise for turbine lovers. I frequently walk up the Byne Hill near Girvan – same story. Maxwellston Hill near Dailly. Same story. The Monument at Straiton, Cairnsmore of Carsphairn – same story. Last year we walked the Whithorn Way from Glasgow to Paisley. The road from Barrhill to New Luce – awash with wind turbines.

Anyone with an appreciation for nature and beauty knows that to introduce industrial machines into the landscape in this very special valley would be to destroy the very essence of what we who live here most enjoy about our lives here. This is defined as a Pastoral Valley, in other words one which is totally and utterly rural.

Craiginmoddie, Carrick and Knockcronal wind power stations will engulf the surrounding countryside and it won’t matter which way the wind is blowing as the noise from one or other wind turbine station will always be present. Since one of the reasons fell runners and walkers love the countryside is to experience the peace and quiet of a remote wild place, this noise is extremely off putting and they will avoid the whole area.

The proposed three windfarms would be located around 2km south of our home and would completely destroy the unparalleled landscapes, and we would be subject to the noise and disturbance they will generate. Little Garroch is positioned in a slightly elevated site on the west side of the Girvan Valley, with Bennan Hill to the west and Craigencallie Hill to the east. The topography of these features creates a natural tuning effect, which would concentrate noise disturbance from the proposed scheme on our property.

20. The Bald Hill Judgement: (CD S S 15 .) JUDGE: Richards J. Dates: 6–10, 13–17, 20–23 September, 12 October 2021. Date of judgment:               25 March 2022 cited as: Uren v Bald Hills Wind Farm Pty ltd. Medium neutral citation: [2022] VSC 145 Wind Turbine noise, vibrations             and infrasonic pulsations cause turbine sickness and sleep disturbance.

Turbines are distinctively noisy in rural areas, particularly during certain times of the year when the atmospheric conditions increase noise   transfer. In the Bald Hills court case, Justice Richards did not consider the industrial wind development as one of the established uses in     the locality.

“The locality is rural, relatively quiet, and remote….…… The rural activities of stock grazing and farm activities do not cause intrusive noise at night”

Justice Richards reaffirms within the Bald Hills judgement: 20220325 Uren v Bald Hills WF [2021] VSC 145ix , the significance of the planning    balance between the protection of affected residents residential amenity and the deployment of wind turbines by commenting:

“(6) What is the social and public interest value in operating the turbines to generate renewable energy?

The generation of renewable energy by the wind farm is a socially valuable activity, and it is in the public interest for it to continue. However, there is not a binary choice to be made between the generation of clean energy by the wind farm, and a good night’s sleep for its neighbours. It should be possible to achieve both.”

22. Site visits We consider that Noise site visits are an important part of the evidence with particular reference to understanding the reasons for selection for SAM monitoring in relation to these 3 wind power plants.

     (CD.SS6.) Covering letter to DPEA Reporters re Arnicle also explains the value in the Reporters making a site visit to      physically experience living in over bearing adverse conditions, as a result of siting wind turbines too close to residential properties.

Conclusion:

1. There are substantive material grounds for all three Windpower plants to be refused on the grounds of Noise.

Mr Huson states at (CD.SS5.)

163 In consideration of the above concerns, the project target noise limits of ETSU-R-97 will not be met and the conjoined projects should not be granted approval.

2. The WTN assessment evidence submitted by all 3 applicant’s, along with SAC’s statements at Para’s 2.1, 5 & 6 is found to be fundamental and materially flawed, to such an extent that the proposed Wind Power Plants, both singly or cumulatively, fail to demonstrate adequate protection of residential amenity from adverse noise impacts.
3. It is also of significant concern that there is compelling evidence should the Reporters be minded recommend approval, of all or      any proposed development that SAC will likewise not resolve any potential noise nuisance  complaints       and therefore putting at an    unacceptable risk to the health and welfare of affected residents especially given the large number of        properties  over an extensive area of up to 25km.

            This report’s submitted evidence is that local residents are extremely unlikely to receive timely and effective resolution by either             SAC, or the 3 applicant’s in the event of any Wind Turbine Noise (WTN) nuisance complaints.

END.

For help with Wind Turbine Noise Issues in Scotland and the UK:

contact@citizensinitiativeuk.org.uk

grosvenorconsultancy@gmail.com

(Extracts from Educating Lawyers series by Viv-Alyn Lenehan, transposed here to ETSU R 97,  from the New Zealand Standards (NZS 1998 or 2010)

These notes and papers are as a result of the Bald Hills Judgement:

JUDGE: Richards J. Dates: 6–10, 13–17, 20–23 September, 12 October 2021. date of judgment: 25 March 2022 cited as: Uren v Bald Hills Wind Farm Pty ltd. Medium neutral citation: [2022] VSC 145

The judgement can be found here

1. Apart from the obvious precedent set by a couple of Aussie blokes who took on a wind farm in court and won, lawyers now have a clear game plan to follow when representing their clients in a wind farm noise litigation case.  The Bald Hills Precedent
2. Turbines noise, vibrations and infrasonic pulsations cause turbine sickness and sleep disturbance.

See the figure below illustrating sound pollution from wind turbines

2. Turbines are alien to a rural environment.

Turbines are distinctively noisy in rural areas, particularly during certain times of the year when the atmospheric conditions increase noise transfer. In the Bald Hills case, The Bald Hills Judge did not consider the industrial wind development as one of the established uses in the locality.

“The locality is rural, relatively quiet, and remote….…… The rural activities of stock grazing and farm activities do not cause intrusive noise at night”

The grinding sounds of the gear boxes adjusting the blade angles, and the screeching of the brakes controlling the yaw, wake people up at night – And people often can’t get back to sleep. Even when the blades are not moving, the fans in the turbines cooling the equipment in the nacelle continue to produce an annoying humming noise.

In some bedrooms the humming is amplified by room resonances.

Turbines also vibrate in the ground. The long blades leveraged off the towers cause the towers to vibrate and shudder. The propagation of vibration is dependent on the geology of the area.

These vibrations can be transmitted through the ground to the houses, up through the foundations, walls, and floors, into the bedroom and through the pillows.

 The problems with Wind Turbines

3. ETSU R 97 is not written to readily identify short periods of noise nuisance that may impact sleep.

Demonstration of compliance does not necessarily establish that noise from time to time does not cause a nuisance. ETSU assumes wind farm noise is constant – it is not – it is intermittent.

From a distance, smaller turbines were heard as a constant low hum, like the hum of road traffic noise from a distant highway. Now modern turbines are six times the size and located at distances of only 1-2 kms from homes.

The LA90 statistical calculation is used in ETSU-R-97 as a proxy that minimises short term noise events from certain types of extraneous noise such as bird song or occasional passing local traffic but assumes that wind turbine operational noise is constant.  Unfortunately, wind turbine noise from a wind farm is not constant.

ETSU was not written to analyse intermittent noise or noise on individual nights. This is due in part by the use of LA90 and in part by the use of averaging through trend analysis of scatter charts covering survey periods of weeks that averages out high impact periods on particular days or nights. Intermittent noise on individual nights is a major cause of nuisance.

 Why the NZS has set Wind Farms up to Fail

4. Bullseye Noise Prediction Maps are based on FALSE ASSUMPTIONS  

Contour maps represent LAeq values not LA90 values.  However, the LAeq values are predicted based upon test results data from single wind turbines in idealised operating conditions and do not consider site effects or the influence on increased noise emissions due to wake turbulence from neighbouring wind turbines.  Furthermore, predicted contour sound levels are derived from optimistic inputs into noise modelling software.

Bullseye maps are used to pacify neighbours. Conditions are set and wind turbines are built on this false theory. When the noise predictions are wrong – it’s too late, the turbines are up, and the noise nuisance starts.

5. Designed to deceive

The contour lines in the diagram below are NOT maximum levels of noise wind power plant neighbours will experience.

Intermittent noise is not shown in the contour maps.  It is recognised that amplitude modulation, for example, cannot be reliably predicted so these contour charts do not indicate how much amplitude modulation will be experienced by neighbours.

Predictions are LAeq, not LA90 on the assumption that the noise from a wind farm is constant.  In reality this is not the case and the LA90 proxy to relate to LAeq does not account for intermittent noise events such as when a wind turbine rotates with different incoming wind directions.  Such intermittent sounds are not a part of the noise models used to generate the noise contour maps.

• Living on a 40dB contour line, a neighbour may hear noise levels of 41dB – 60dB (and even higher) at times that is not accounted for when using the LA90 measurement over 10-minute periods.
• There is no maximum limit for short duration sounds from wind turbines.
• 40 dB is the lowest optimistic constant noise level they will hear.
• 40dB can be exceeded from short term noise events that can occur for 90% of the time.
• For a 10 hour period of sleeping, 9 hours of noise will be above the 40dB level and only 1 hour of noise will be below 40dB.
• The high spikes of noise are NOT recognised in a LA90 statistical calculation.
• There is no maximum limit of noise for any contour line.

6. Bullseye maps are based on the false assumption that noise radiates out like a light bulb.

• How noise is propagated is very dependent on wind speed, direction, topography and the layout of adjacent turbines.
• Noise from turbines has direction like a TORCH BEAM. It does NOT spread out like a radiating sphere (light bulb) around the point source (turbine).
• The noise contour levels relate to the minimum noise and do not identify the variation in the noise levels or make correction for airflow disturbance and directivity of the sound patters.
• The torch beam noise pattern and levels of the pulsations are dramatically affected with changes in wind speed and direction.

7.Turbine sickness

Turbine sickness, like sea sickness and motion sickness, is caused by unnatural periodic movements or pressures on the body which trigger an autonomic stress reaction in the body leading to physical illness.  Turbine Sickness

The Common Law of noise nuisance is argued on evidence. A lawyer requires evidence to make a case.
The Bald Hills precedent determined that authentic and genuine subjective evidence is tenable in court.  Collecting the Evidence

8. Further original Educating Lawyers series (they may not be applicable in the UK):

The Wind Industry is unregulated.

No authority requires wind farms to disclose the technical data behind their reports.
Wind farm acousticians can lie and cheat and fabricate the results and nobody knows.
A wind farm will always promise you a “noise report”. They do this to pacify you.
A wind farm Noise Report does NOT contain Raw Data. Without Raw Data the Noise Report is a Lie

  Why Wind Farms are Exposed to Litigation

 The EPA must protect you from noise harm

Educating the Lawyers – So What Now

The amended Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997 directs that the National Planning Framework must contribute to a series of six outcomes: improving the health and wellbeing of our people; increasing the population of rural areas; meeting housing needs; improving equality and eliminating discrimination; meeting targets for emissions of greenhouse gases; and securing positive effects for biodiversity.

My focus and concern is:

(b) improving the health and wellbeing of people living in rural Scotland

I have direct experience that the health and wellbeing is NOT protected in planning when it comes to windfarm applications as currently ‘Net Zero’ is being allowed to usurp negative evidence demonstrated by councils, their experts and third party objectors and their experts against planning consent for wind turbines. This includes the current noise planning guidance ETSU -R-97 which allows councils, reporters and Scottish Ministers to grant consent to operate wind turbines far too close to homes.

Through working closely with experts on noise emissions from wind turbines and through participating in public inquiries into large scale planning applications into industrial wind turbines we have identified and demonstrated that ETSU -R- 97 does not protect the health and wellbeing of windfarm neighbours.

The process the government recommend is used to manage wind turbine noise is still ‘ETSU-R-97 The Assessment and Rating of Noise from Wind Farms’ and its associated ‘Good Practice Guide’. The medical profession were not involved in the development of this process and ETSU-R-97 itself actually confides that its veracity and accuracy are questionable.

Regardless, since ETSU-R-97 was orchestrated 25 years ago, wind turbine size and generating capacity has exponentially increased from 60 metre high machines with a generating capacity of under 1MW, to the current turbines being consented in Scotland of up to 260m high with a generating capacity of up to 5.6MW.

The UK Government Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy recently undertook a scoping review of current UK onshore wind turbine noise assessment guidance.

The FINAL–Scientific_Commentary_on_DBEIS_Scoping_Survey 08-02-2022 (002)(IARO)[i] illustrates the flaws and limitations of the DBEIS scoping review of current UK onshore wind turbine noise assessment guidance.

How can the UK Government and the Scottish NPF4 continue to permit the use of ETSU-R-97 to manage wind turbine noise when its ramifications for public health are unknown?

‘Scientific Commentary on the UK Government’s Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (DBEIS)’ is a ‘Scoping review of current onshore wind turbine noise assessment guidance.’ (Document number IARO21-6 December). Critical issues, relevant for the well-being of the Scottish population are discussed in this report, which need to be addressed before NPF4 is fit for purpose.

The IARO21-3 White Paper on the Harmonic Prominence Measure v4  March 2021[ii] explains why dBAs are not a suitable means of measuring wind turbine noise.

The increasing negative health impacts on affected residents is already steadily developing into a Public Health crisis across Scotland and it is in this context that I submit the attached Report on Harmonic Prominence and Correlation Dochroyle Pharm Report v11[iii],  Ferter Pharm Report v6iv] and  Shalloch Well Pharm Report v5b[v] which were part of the noise evidence presented at the Clauchrie Public Inquiry in South Ayrshire. (WIN-370-3)

As demonstrated through the DETERMINATION – DECISION LETTER 16 November 2021 Redacted  Determination – PI Report – dated 3 August 2021[vi] to consent Arecleoch Extension (Case reference: WIN-370-2): The Reporters state:

The Scottish Government online policy advice 41 on onshore wind turbines says that ETSU-R-97: “should be followed by applicants and consultees, and used by planning authorities to assess and rate noise from wind energy developments, until such time as an update is available. This gives indicative noise levels thought to offer a reasonable degree of protection to wind farm neighbours, without placing unreasonable burdens on wind farm developers, and suggests appropriate noise conditions.”

“5.91 The online advice also highlights the Good Practice Guide, which is accepted as current industry good practice. We note that the online advice dates from May 2014. Some of the evidence from Ms Crosthwaite predates this, but much of it is from after this date. Nonetheless, the advice remains extant, and Ministers have not, to date, elected to update or amend it. We note the concerns about the deficiency of an approach using ETSU-R-97, but that is the approach that the Scottish Government currently advises should be taken. It is therefore the approach we follow.”

I would ascertain that the time for an update should be part of NPF4 as the only course of action in order to protect public health and wellbeing.  How can the planning process be fit for purpose if it allows its rural citizens to be subjected to noise pollution which leaves some families with no alternative but to seek refuge in a camper they drive to a location sufficiently far away from the WT’s so as to be able to have a peaceful night’s sleep. Others have opted to sleep away from their home one night per week (either at friends’ or relative’s homes, or at a local inn or hotel). This is particularly important for the people who already have some prior illness.

Sleep deprivation, headaches, tinnitus, nausea and other digestive ailments, nose bleeds, feelings of constant anxiety are all symptoms reported and recorded by those forced to live in the close proximity of industrial wind turbine developments.

An analogy used is the boxer in the boxing ring. Under infrasound contamination, it is as if you were continuously in a boxing ring. In order to provide some respite to the body, it is necessary that the boxer leave the boxing ring and recuperate. Then, he or she can go back into the ring, but not without some respite, some recovery or recuperation.

The World Health Organisation states in its 2018 Environmental Noise Guidelines:

“Further research into the health impacts from wind turbine noise is needed so that better-quality evidence can inform any future public health recommendations properly.”
“Wind turbines can generate infrasound or lower frequencies of sound than traffic sources. However, few studies relating exposure to such noise from wind turbines to health effects are available.”

“The noise emitted from wind turbines has other characteristics, including the repetitive nature of the sound of the rotating blades and atmospheric influence leading to a variability of amplitude modulation, which can be a source of above average annoyance (Schäffer et al., 2016). This differentiates it from noise from other sources and has not always been properly Characterized.”
“Assessment of population exposure to noise from a particular source is essential for setting of health based guideline values. Wind turbine noise is characterized by a variety of potential moderators, which can be challenging to assess and have not necessarily been addressed in detail in health studies. As a result, there are serious issues with noise exposure assessment related to wind turbines.”
http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and-health/noise/publications/2018/environmental-noise-guidelines-for-the-european-region-2018

The attached decision letter for Arecleoch Extension demonstrates just how the reporters and Scottish Ministers are able to minimise and dismiss real concerns by councillors, expert witnesses and third-party objectors:

“5.107 We keep in mind Ms Spence’s own experience of noise at her property from the existing wind farms, and the association she makes between that and her ill-health. We also acknowledge Dr Armstrong’s views on that subject. However, whether that association is correct (and, if so, whether or not it is a function of audible sound or infrasound, or both combined), we must return to an assessment based on ETSU-R-97. Noting what it says about offering “a reasonable degree of protection to wind farm neighbours, without placing unreasonable burdens on wind farm developers”, and noting the Scottish Government’s endorsement of that approach, Ms Spence’s experiences do not lead us to recommend that the application be refused on the basis of the predicted noise emissions at Dochroyle Farm.

This approach leaves underfunded and inexperienced councils with ultimate responsibility for the health and wellbeing of people impacted by noise from wind turbines and therefore NPF4 does not perform its required outcome. The windfarms under current guidance can therefore appear to be compliant but there is still a case to answer when windfarm neighbours are suffering therefore ETSU -R-97 does not protect neighbours from noise nuisance.

The Scottish Government (Assembly) solely relies on the ETSU-R -97 wind turbine noise guidance The emails to the Scottish Government and the affected victim’s complaint statements, Wind Turbine Noise Complaints Affected receptors 25- 27 February 2022[vii] , form crucial evidence of the, often repeated outcomes when large scale Wind Power Stations are recommended for consent and subsequently consented, far too close to homes: The Email exchanges between  Wind turbine noise victim and Scottish Government. Jan – Feb 2022__[viii] clearly demonstrates how the victim’s impacts are effectively side-lined and it becomes increasingly difficult for windfarm neighbours to gain effective and timely resolution to their justified complaints. This ongoing unacceptable situation is being exacerbated by the ever- increasing size and power of the current turbines proposed and consented.

Justice Richards reaffirms within the Bald Hills judgement: 20220325 Uren v Bald Hills WF 2021 VSC 145[ix] , the significance of the planning balance between the protection of affected residents residential amenity and the deployment of wind turbines by commenting:

“(6) What is the social and public interest value in operating the turbines to generate renewable energy?

The generation of renewable energy by the wind farm is a socially valuable activity, and it is in the public interest for it to continue. However, there is not a binary choice to be made between the generation of clean energy by the wind farm, and a good night’s sleep for its neighbours. It should be possible to achieve both.”

The report is a sham and I do not know how they sleep at night knowingly contributing to a very possible unmitigated environmental disaster.

But why?

What is behind the Scottish Government’s relentless desire to destroy our beautiful environment……?

……….Of course……… it is all in the name of saving the planet, all this new so called ‘green’ legislation.

Who is pulling the strings?

This 20 minute video explains what is really going on – https://www.stopworldcontrol.com/fuellmich/

Corrupt governments are in bed with ‘Mr Global’. Iberdrola is part of that new world order:

Accenture is one of the companies running the show. Iberdrola and the Spanish Confederation of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises have signed a collaboration agreement whereby the energy company will advise associates on the value of energy efficiency. In addition, through segment specific customer service channels, Iberdrola provides energy management and engagement as well as tailored products for B2B customers. https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/pdf-93/accenture-smb-energy-experience-pov.pdf

Blackrock is major player with Mr Global. The bosses of the world’s biggest investment firm, Blackrock, the biggest bank in the US, JP Morgan, as well as the top brass from energy giants…………..By far the biggest single investment is from Spanish firm Iberdrola, which owns Scottish Power. Its announcement of a further £6bn in offshore wind investment – on top of £10bn over the last five years – will cement the UK’s position as a world leader in offshore wind, just two weeks before the major climate summit in Glasgow. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-58959061

https://thecorner.eu/financial-markets/ibex/blackrock-second-shareholder-in-iberdrola-with-5/74200/

Blackrock Second Shareholder In Iberdrola With 5% https://thecorner.eu/financial-markets/ibex/blackrock-second-shareholder-in-iberdrola-with-5/74200/

I have been researching Covid for 18 months now, on the back of the corruption in the wind industry which I have been researching since 2011.

Only with the spurious Arecleoch decision did I join the dots with Big Wind.

This is about our freedom. Covid is a ‘conspiracy’; history is made up of conspiracy theories. We are being lied to by our governments and the media who are puppets of ‘Mr Global’.

In my opinion, investigative journalist Corey Lynn has gathered all the evidence here and lays it on the line for us with Catherine Austin Fitts. https://www.coreysdigs.com/health-science/catherine-austin-fitts-corey-lynn-discuss-vaccine-id-passports-and-global-control/

The Global Landscape on Vaccine ID Passports Part 1

Part 2 broke down the who, what, when, where, why, and how. Part 3 tackled the key implementers of the digital identity being assembled through the vaccine id passports, revealing the true agenda. It’s good to understand what’s at stake and who’s behind it, before diving into part 4. Blockchained will cover some of the most important aspects of this entire agenda against all of humanity.

The indoctrination by the media, especially the BBC and Sky is aiming to close down discussion, divide us, weaken us, make us dependent and ultimately to control every aspect of our existence. This video shows how it happened in Nazi Germany and how it is happening step by step again: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxZfSlkC_wo

Too many countries around the world are those doing the bidding of Mr Global: Jacinda Adern, Scott Morrison, Macron, Trudeau, Nicola Sturgeon, Boris Johnson…the list of those involved goes on and on.

This is a battle for the minds. Good against evil. What we believe about the future is so important.

We must all question what’s going on. Something is deeply socially, politically, morally and ethically wrong . We need to face it, not fear it.

Why are those speaking out being censored?

Nelson Mandela said: “I learned that courage was not the absence of fear but triumph over it”.

and Summary of Finish Study 

1. ETSU- R-97

 I would like to explain why current ETSU-R-97 noise guidance (not legislation) will not protect windfarm neighbours from noise including Infrasound and Low Frequency Noise -ILFN. The public are not adequately protected by this out-dated guidance.

Names we know, Marcus Trinick QC, Malcolm Hayes (Hayes McKenzie Partnership), Mark Jiggins (formerly of then Carrick District Council now of Hoare Lea Acoustics) and Dr Andrew Bullmore of Hoare Lea and Partners, were members of the original noise working group commissioned by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), which became the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) and is now the Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy (DBEIS)) to formulate noise guidance for wind turbines. Full document available here

 “This report describes the findings of a Working Group on Wind Turbine Noise. The aim of the Working Group was to provide information and advice to developers and planners on the environmental assessment of noise from wind turbines. While the DTI facilitated the establishment of this Noise Working Group this report is not a report of Government and should not be thought of in any way as replacing the advice contained within relevant Government guidance. (Effectively there is none!)

The report represents the consensus view of the group of experts listed below who between them have a breadth and depth of experience in assessing and controlling the environmental impact of noise from wind farms. This consensus view has been arrived at through negotiation and compromise and in recognition of the value of achieving a common approach to the assessment of noise from wind turbines.” Full document available here

This ‘Bad Science’ behind the wind turbine noise guidance, adopted here in Scotland and by most countries around the world, is discussed by the Independent Noise Working Group INWG: https://www.wind-watch.org/documents/bad-science-behind-the-wind-turbine-noise-guidelines/

“The critical factor is that ETSU prevents local authorities from exercising duty of care responsibilities.”

The Planners and Environmental Health Officers (EHOs) are informed by, and dependent on this ETSU guidance as well as being advised by acoustic consultants employed directly by the wind farm operator for investigation of cases of Wind Turbine Noise (WTN) complaints.

This concern was raised in 2003 by Hazel Guest, UK Noise Association 5th March 2003 ABSTRACT “Knowledge of the latest results in Low Frequency Noise (LFN) and infrasound research are not being transmitted, either to government whose job it is to legislate on standards of noise and vibration, or to local authority officers whose job it is to look into complaints and enforce standards. The dismissal of complaints is frequently based on inappropriate techniques such as the application of A-weighting, a lack of understanding of vibration transmission including building resonance, and a lack of basic understanding about the perception of low frequencies by complainants, for instance the lowering of the lower audibility threshold arising from exposure. This paper asks those involved in research to ensure that their relevant findings are more widely disseminated, along with advice to legislators and local authorities on measurement, information on LF and infrasound resonance in buildings, recommendations for appropriate standards to be used in assessing LF and infrasound as a Statutory Nuisance, and information about the effects of long term exposure. There is a need for more research in situ into specific effects.” Full document available here

It is of note that ETSU-R-97 guidance only covers wind turbine audible noise. Did the members of the ETSU working group have something to hide when they devised guidance that only covered audible noise?

It is also of note that all other environmental noise is the responsibility of The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), the government department responsible for environmental protection.

Questions about ILFN have been raised with ministers and departments on many occasions, usually responded to by civil servants in a very unsatisfactory manner.  A number of MPs have raised questions in the House of Commons and Scottish MP Bill Grant raised the matter on my behalf in the House of Commons on Tuesday 12^th September 2017 [1]. Then Energy Minister Richard Harrington, on behalf of the Secretary of State for DBEIS, answered “that the potential impact on human health of these turbines is a topical issue, so it will attract further study, both in the UK and abroad, and we are monitoring that carefully.”

Bill Grant MP raised the matter again recently [2] and asked the Energy Minister Kwasi Kwarteng,  “what assessment her department has made of the potential effects of (a) low-frequency sound and (b) amplitude modulation from onshore wind turbines on (i) public health and (ii) quality of life. (4347)”. His answer on behalf of the Secretary of State for DBEIS, Andrea Leadsom: “In 2016 the department for Energy and Climate Change published a report which makes recommendations for how local planning authorities can assess amplitude modulation and use planning to control it where necessary.”

This response avoided the first question and demonstrates that DBEIS is doing nothing to address the real concerns or take on board the recommendations of the World Health Organisation Environmental Noise Guidelines 2018 with regard to wind turbine noise.

[1] https://www.windsofjustice.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Bill-Grant-MP-Topical-Question-12-September-2017.pdf

[2] https://www.windsofjustice.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2019-12-01_112801.pdf

2. World Health Organisation Environmental Noise Guidelines 2018

 Although the World Health Organisation (WHO) has previously published “Environmental Noise Guidelines” (in 1999 and 2009) the 2018 edition is the first to consider wind turbine noise. “There are serious issues with noise exposure assessment related to wind turbines.” “Standard methods of measuring sound, most commonly including A-weighting, may not capture the low-frequency sound and amplitude modulation characteristic of wind turbine noise… » Based on all these factors, it may be concluded that the acoustical description of wind turbine noise by means of Lden or Lnight may be a poor characterization of wind turbine noise and may limit the ability to observe associations between wind turbine noise and health outcomes.”

This is also supported by Dr John Yelland MA DPhil (Oxon) MInstP FIET AMASA MIOA who describes the importance of the WHO Noise Guidelines with reference to Wind Turbine Noise and stresses the importance of the “Precautionary Principle” Dr. J Yelland Note on importance of WHO 2018 Noise Guidelines ref Wind Turbine Noise.

3. Infrasound and Low Frequency Noise

Working closely with Mariana Alves- Pereira, Bruce Rapley, Huub Bakker, Rachel Summers, along with Dr John Yelland and Melvin Grosvenor, we are able to provide data which demonstrates that turbines will be an agent of disease to affected windfarm neighbours.

I have quoted Professor Mariana Alves-Pereria of the Lusofona University in Portugal who has degrees in physics and biomedical engineering, and a PhD in environmental science. This  recent presentation by Professor Mariana Alves-Pereria, with full explanations and cause and effect can be found here.

Infrasound and Low Frequency Noise (ILFN) are a physical Agent of Disease:

In the terms of physics, ‘sound’ is an airborne pressure wave which hits the body. These pressure waves can vary in time, amplitude and frequency. WHO calls this noise from man-made sources: Inanimate Mechanical Forces

These pressure wave forces on the body are no different to you being in a boxing ring and being hit by a boxer. In the terms of Physics, it is an airborne pressure wave which hits the body whether we hear it or not.  A low energy pressure wave over a long time can be shown to have damaging effects on the human body.

Hertz (Hz) is the frequency or pitch of the sound and is measured by the distance between the peaks known as the wavelength. For audible noise the peaks are close together which is why we can hear it and the wavelength is in the order of centimetres. Humans hear well at 3000Hz (babies cry at 3500Hz). To protect against noise, a barrier has to be the thickness of the wavelength which is achievable for audible noise. But at 20 Hz the wavelength is 17 metres, so we do not have the means of creating a barrier, of sufficient thickness, to protect from these lower frequencies. Because of the high energy within low frequency pressure waves, low frequency sound will travel through barriers and may cause them to resonate in response to the sound stimulation within enclosed spaces. The Finnish Association for Environmental Health, SYTe, started measuring infrasound from wind turbines at seven different locations in Finland in the first half of April 2019. According to the results from May–June the infrasound, from wind turbines can be measured at a distance of at least 30-60 km from the wind farms. https://syte.fi/2019/08/03/infrasound-from-wind-turbines-is-detected-in-a-distance-of-40-60-km-from-wind-parks-during-more-than-50-of-the-measurement-days/

Historically, acousticians have only considered audible noise as scientists only concentrated on what we could hear and preventing deafness and damage to ear canals. What we hear is a combination of frequency and amplitude. As the frequency goes down, we need higher and higher energy to perceive the sound. The dBA scale is designed to emulate the levels of equal loudness at frequencies within the human audible range and which can be used to protect hearing. Most legislation around the world is established around the audible decibel (dBA). 800Hz – 7000Hz is where we hear very well, which is the area of measurement that the dBA is designed to protect (A -audible- Weighted). There is no difference between the dBA measurement and what is, de facto, present in the environment. While the dBA weighting does not take into account noise below 20Hz on the basis that it is not audible. Noise below 20Hz is still able to be perceived by humans and forms part of the detection of danger for the fight or flight response (Rapley, 2018)

Institute of Acoustic (IOA) acousticians who are commissioned to assess wind turbine noise impacts for wind turbine developer’s environmental statements, state that humans are generally not aware of the presence of infrasound.  However, there is a difference between how a human, animal or bird responds to the character and signature of the sound from an earthquake as opposed to the sound from the sea.  For example, the sea may be deemed soothing and an earthquake frightening.  Both sounds produce different responses in a person (animal or bird) without them necessarily perceiving them audibly.

At the same time, it has been said that ‘what you cannot hear cannot harm you’. On a parallel note we could also say ‘what we cannot see cannot harm us’, but we know humans cannot see UV radiation but do get sunburnt, nor can they see x-rays but may develop cancer due to over exposure.  Therefore, we must be cautious of discounting phenomena we cannot perceive either visually or audibly.

The dBA is totally inappropriate when you measure ILFN as at 10 Hz there is a deduction in measurement of 70 dB. In an analogy, imagine a speedometer on a car displaying it is travelling at 70mph when in fact the vehicle is stationary, or the other way around and you are travelling at 70mph and the speedometer displays that you are travelling at 0mph. It is an error of 70mph which is the same as measuring infrasound at 10Hz when there is actually an error of 70dB.

The option of measurement to quantify what ‘sound’ is actually emitted is the dB linear range.

The above visualisation is courtesy of Steven Cooper and as can be seen it is constantly varying in frequency and amplitude. The dBA does not correctly represent the ‘noise’ to which we are exposed – it never goes above 40 dBA (the left-hand bar). Only when measuring in dB linear can we see what we are actually exposed to (the right-hand bar).

                                                                         One Third Octave Band Analysis Graphs

The red bars in the graphs above, are measurements in dBAs as required by regulation. As can be seen dBA levels (red bars) do not change very much whether the wind turbines are turning or not. The grey bars are measured in dB linear and show the vast difference to what you are exposed to when the turbines are turning compared to when they are not. This graph is called a One Third Octave Band Analysis and is an average of a ten-minute measurement.

Now we can measure to include the time. These graphs below show the same data as in the graph above, but these include time:

                                                            One Third Octave Band Analysis Graphs in real Time

The brighter colours show the higher acoustic energy produced when the turbines are rotating. You will also notice that the bright colours are not a continuous line. If it was a continuous line it would be a continuous ‘hum’, the broken line shows a pulse. That’s what we see when analysed scientifically and not as regulation requires. We do not get this data in noise impact assessments if measured according ETSU-R-97 noise guidance.

This is the exact same data again as the previous graphs. The two graphs in the bottom right relate to the blue line and the two graphs in the top left to the red line. The blue line is when the turbines are not rotating, and the red line is when the turbines are rotating. This is called the Harmonic Series. This is a mathematical tool which scientists use to study periodic events – peaks. As you can see from this Harmonics graph these peaks fall exactly on a mathematical series, – it is not ‘wind’ (or the ocean) –natural infrasound does not fall on a mathematical series, rather it is similar to white noise. The harmonic series is what is called the wind turbine acoustic signature and it is the agent of disease windfarm neighbours are subjected to under current UK and often world-wide regulation.

As stated in the current WHO noise guidelines – Annex 1, “Standard methods of measuring sound, most commonly including A-weighting, do not capture the low-frequency sound and amplitude modulation characteristic of wind turbine noise… »

The following two graphs demonstrate the vast difference as to what acoustic energy is shown when measuring audible noise only (A Weighting used by wind industry acousticians) compared to measuring the full spectrum of noise (Unweighted). A Weighting is designed to filter out low frequency noise and should not be used if there is a possibility of a predominance of ILFN. We can see below that using A Weighting there would appear to be nothing in the noise environment to be concerned about, whereas Unweighted shows the high level of ILFN.

                                                                                A Weighted Noise Spectrum

                                                                                      Unweighted Noise Spectrum

In these examples two microphones have simultaneously recorded the environmental sound pressure waves; the red one inside and the blue outside. Below is the real time data and harmonics from the above recordings. The brighter colours show the higher (mostly inaudible) acoustic energy produced when the turbines are rotating. You will also notice that the bright colours are not a continuous line demonstrating the existence of a pulse.

                                                                                                                       Blue Time Plots

                                                                                                                             Red Time Plots

                                                                                                             Blue Harmonics 

                                                                                                            Red Harmonics

The harmonic series is identified as the wind turbine acoustic signature and it is the agent of disease windfarm neighbours are subjected to under current UK guidance. Noise from industrial sources produce peaks which fall exactly on a mathematical series which indicates that it is An Inanimate Mechanical Force.

 Further reports on noise monitoring in Scotland can be found in Appendix

Increasing numbers of wind turbine noise complaints are of serious concern. Councils in Scotland and around the world are failing to adequately respond to these complaints in order to protect, and in some cases, seriously affected local residents. Current complaint procedures and policy, requiring the perpetrator such as the wind turbine operators to monitor and assess levels of WTN pollution, is failing victims. They are fobbed off with Acoustician’s Wind Turbine Noise Reports which are not fit for purpose by unprincipled acousticians who often rely on Professor Geoff Leventhall’s hypothesis that ‘wind turbine noise syndrome is all in the mind’.  He recently demonstrated this in his paper, presented at the 8th International Conference on Wind Turbine Noise Lisbon – 12th to 14th June 2019. Download document here:

 “I can still hear it and it’s making me ill”

 “The paper has considered those who respond acutely to nearby wind turbines, giving consideration to those who exhibit the most severe responses and have, through no fault of their own, been unable to adapt to the changes in their environment which accompany the introduction of wind turbines. Explanations for the severity of their responses are attempted, but this is a very difficult area. It is possible that severity of responses has been influenced by the strong anti-windfarm campaigns which raise fears of effects on health, but adverse effects can be rolled back by therapies such as CBT” (Cognitive Behaviour Therapy).

Noise complaints are rarely upheld, Environmental Health Officers who lack expertise are advised by the wind energy operators acousticians. Many who complain about noise issues have equipment installed for over twelve months without any conclusive results. These people are living in unsellable homes in torturous conditions, with ruined amenity and health. Homes have been abandoned and some are occasionally bought out by the operator complete with gagging order which covers up the true extent of all suffering residents.

4. Further Analysis looks at other recent judgements / research around the world.

• There was very significant decision from the Supreme Court in Ireland on 12^th December 2019.

A wind farm in Cork was defeated on the grounds that the Irish Wind Energy Guidelines which date from 2006 are no longer adequate in measuring the true nature of wind turbine noise, that our knowledge of the specific characteristics of wind turbine noise has evolved over the years and that measuring the dBA only is not a true measure of all the noise from a wind farm.

Read the Court Judgement here

• This important latest summary of the Finnish study: https://syte.fi/

Down load the summary here The increase in height, number and efficiency of wind turbines will prove to be very damaging to the communities in the area similar to those described in the summary.

• Analysis of the WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region 2018 and wind power noise effects on man and the environment By Ove Björklund 2019-03-26 The association God Livsmiljö Hylte, Sweden (God Living Environment)

Member of EPAW – European Platform Against Windpower

This Analysis looks at other studies around the world.  See Appendix 2

This paper also looks at ground vibration and the impacts on the ground, climate, forestry and peat, including studies on Ecosystems and Biodiversity and insect damage.

“Scientific research and citizens’ “truth documents” show that Europe is already exposed to extreme depressive burden with land-based wind power. Evaluation of the serious health, climate and environmental problems has long been blocked by the Union’s authorities and political systems. The injuries are already partially irreparable and complaints and public health effects cynically abducted. Citizens who are exposed to major health risks and private-financial losses are denied the right to speak up to the Supreme Court, while international companies are given the right to make incorrect decision-making documents without the intervention of the authorities. Legal certainty is questioned by large groups of citizens. It is no longer about marginal electoral groups in sparsely populated areas, but now also touches people in the larger central cities. The parties behind the energy policy maintain the conditions and policies, and the population’s sense of exclusion is increasing.”

It examines how the wind industry are in breach of the Aarhus Convention and looks at how EPAW is playing a growing role in bringing about an end to this appalling situation.

It also examines the European Political response to this

5. Conclusion:

 This paper is calling for a complete independent over hall of the guidance and regulation of wind turbine noise impact and compliance assessments.

Due to the continuous deployment of increasing size and numbers of industrial wind turbines, in less suitable locations ever closer to homes, cumulative noise impacts are not being adequately addressed. The effect of low frequency noise radiating from different locations, depending on topography, has the potential to resonate where the pressure waves meet. This cumulative effect will cause vulnerable wind turbine victims to be impacted from more than one direction at a time. This will seriously impact many homes and lives within local environments.

 “That noise complaints from within communities and by local residents need to be taken seriously as being well founded and legitimate. They should be thoroughly investigated and that there should be no attempts to undermine these complaints as being as a result of mere ‘annoyance’ due to a perceived notion that complainants just don’t like wind turbines or are even motivated by other non-acoustical factors.”  Review of WSP/Parsons Brinckerhoff and Institute of Acoustics Amplitude Modulation Studies 

 Susan Crosthwaite

30^th November 2019

Updated 17.01.2020